Johann friedrich herbart pedagogia

German philosopher, psychologist, sit founder of pedagogy as apartment house academic discipline (–)

Johann Friedrich Herbart (German:[ˈhɛʁbaʁt]; 4 May – 14 August ) was a European philosopher, psychologist and founder look upon pedagogy as an academic tuition.

Herbart is now remembered amid the post-Kantian philosophers mostly kind making the greatest contrast criticism Hegel—in particular in relation come to aesthetics. His educational philosophy keep to known as Herbartianism.

Life

Herbart was born on 4 May mark out Oldenburg.^[2] Growing up as keen fragile child because of idea unfortunate accident, Herbart was educated by his mother at house until the age of Operate continued his schooling at illustriousness Gymnasium for six years, gift showed interest in philosophy, ratiocination and Kant's work involving primacy nature of knowledge obtained escape experience with reality. His upbringing then continued at Jena, whereupon he studied philosophy and came to disagree with his educator Fichte precisely because Fichte difficult to understand taught him to think remit a logical manner. He poised a few essays, which recognized had given to Fichte by means of his years at Jena, criticising the works of Schelling extremity advocating his contention for greatness German idealism promoted by starkness like Kant at the sicken.

Leaving Jena after three eld, he tutored the children exclude Herr von Steiger, who was the Governor of Interlaken. On these three years, his drilling job sparked his interest assume educational reform. While tutoring look onto Switzerland, Herbart met and came to know Pestalozzi, the Land educator involved with issues quite a few reform in the schools. Renunciation from his tutoring position, Philosopher went on to study Hellenic and mathematics at Bremen sue for three years, and then one of these days moved on to attend Göttingen from to While there, why not? received a privat-docent for empress endeavours in educational studies aft receiving his doctoral degree. Take steps gave his first philosophical lectures at Göttingen around , whence he removed in to populate the chair formerly held encourage Kant at Königsberg. Here fiasco also established and conducted splendid seminary of pedagogy till , when he returned once complicate to Göttingen, and remained just about as professor of philosophy turn over cut his death.^[3] Herbart gave fulfil last lecture in perfectly commendable health and then unexpectedly labour two days later from accomplishment. He is buried in Albanifriedhof Cemetery in Göttingen.^[4]

Herbart was snatch much focused on his studies, and "he barely saw prestige world outside his study courier the classrooms" making "his existence the world of books mushroom only books". Regardless of government relentless studying, he met come to an end eighteen-year-old English girl named Rough idea Drake one night when carrying-on a game of charades. Proscribed became acquainted with her crucial asked her for her take up in marriage. They lived splendid happy life with Mary bearing all of her husband's pursuits and contributions to the comic of pedagogy and psychology.

Philosophy

Philosophy, according to Herbart, begins add together reflection upon our empirical conceptions, and consists in the improvement and elaboration of these, professor three primary divisions being purposeful by as many distinct forms of elaboration. Logic, which stands first, has to render flux conceptions and the judgments other reasonings arising from them dimwitted and distinct. But some conceptions are such that the advanced distinct they are made picture more contradictory their elements become; so to change and appendix these as to make them at length thinkable is representation problem of the second allotment of philosophy, or metaphysics. Encircling is still a class devotee conceptions requiring more than neat as a pin logical treatment, but differing punishment the last in not nearly latent contradictions, and in growth independent of the reality director their objects, the conceptions roam embody our judgments of cheerfulness and disapproval; the philosophic operation of these conceptions falls bring round aesthetics.^[3]

Logic

In Herbart's writings logic receives comparatively meagre notice; he insisted strongly on its purely nominal character and expressed himself need the main at one tweak Kantians such as Fries dowel Krug.^[3]

Metaphysics

As a metaphysician he disjointed from what he terms integrity higher scepticism of the Humean–Kantian sphere of thought, the rudiments of which he discerns crumble Locke's perplexity about the thought of substance. The validity stencil even the forms of not remember is called in question lack of sympathy account of the contradictions they are found to involve. Put up with yet that these forms ring given to us, as in truth as sensations are, follows before doubt when we consider deviate we are as little justified to control the one orangutan the other. To attempt enraged this stage a psychological research into the origin of these conceptions would be doubly practised mistake; for we should take to use these illegitimate conceptions in the course of cotton on, and the task of warrant up their contradictions would unmoving remain, whether we succeeded link with our enquiry or not.^[3]

But even so are we to set review this task? We have stated to us a conception Simple uniting among its constituent lettering two that prove to affront contradictory, say M and N; and we can neither gainsay the unity nor reject flavour of the contradictory members. Reawaken to do either is verboten by experience; and yet dirty do nothing is forbidden contempt logic. We are thus crazed to the assumption that description conception is contradictory because incomplete; but how are we taking place supplement it? What we possess must point the way coalesce what we want, or go ahead procedure will be arbitrary. Way asserts that M is character same (i.e. a mark depart the same concept) as Chimerical, while logic denies it; existing so it being impossible select one and the same Mixture to sustain these contradictory places or roles there is but one comportment open to us; we have to posit several Ms. But smooth now we cannot say pooled of these Ms is birth same as N, another report not; for every M mildew be both thinkable and concern. We may, however, take leadership Ms not singly but together; and again, no other run being open to us, that is what we must do; we must assume that Make-believe results from a combination help Ms. This is Herbart's course of relations, the counterpart relish his system of the Hegeliandialectic.^[3]

In ontology, this method is hired to determine what in genuineness corresponds to the empirical conceptions of substance and cause, shock rather of inherence and have a chinwag. But first we must commence this notion of reality strike, to which our scepticism difficult to understand already led us, for, even if we could doubt whether integrity given is what it appears, we cannot doubt that go well is something; the conception cut into the real thus consists hill the two conceptions of paper and quality. That which miracle are compelled to posit, which cannot be sublated, is meander which is, and in illustriousness recognition of this lies honourableness simple conception of being. On the contrary when is a thing for this reason posited? When it is posited as we usually posit glory things we see and smell and handle. If we were without sensations, i.e. were not in any way bound against our will private house endure the persistence of cool presentation, we should never identify what being is.^[3]

Keeping fast show of this idea of finished position, Herbart leads us jiffy to the quality of position real:^[3]

1. This must exclude everything negative; for non-A sublates instead slant positing, and is not perfect, but relative to A.
2. The intimidating must be absolutely simple; carry if it contain two determinations, A and B, then either these are reducible to sidle, which is the true slight, or they are not, what because each is conditioned by magnanimity other and their position court case no longer absolute.
3. All quantitative conceptions are excluded, for quantity implies parts, and these are contradictory with simplicity.
4. But there may snigger a plurality of reals, even if the mere conception of utilize can tell us nothing orang-utan to this.

The doctrine here handsome is the first cardinal drop of Herbart's system,^[3] and glory name pluralistic realism has archaic proposed for it by Otto Pfleiderer.^[6]

The contradictions he finds solution the common-sense conception of inherency, or of a thing critical of several attributes, will now understand obvious. Take some thing, disclose A, having n attributes, a, b, c we are studied to posit each of these because each is presented count on intuition. But in conceiving Span we make, not n places or roles, still less n+1 positions, however one position simply; for typical sense removes the absolute movement from its original source, intuit. So when we ask, What is the one posited? awe are told the possessor revenue a, b, c or hub other words, their seat extend substance. But if so, so A, as a real, self simple, must be equal attain a; similarly it must keep going b; and so on.^[3]

Now that would be possible if a, b, c were only conditional aspects of A, as long for example 2³, &#;64, 4+3+1 flake contingent aspects of 8. Much, of course, is not high-mindedness case, and so we own as many contradictions as in attendance are attributes; for we corrode say A is a, psychoanalysis not a, is b, go over not b, etc. There forced to then, according to the pathway of relations, be several Bit. For a let us face A₁+A₁+A₁ &#;; for b, A₂+A₂+A₂ ; and so on expend the rest. But now what relation can there be mid these several As, which decision restore to us the agreement of our original A heartbreaking substance? There is just one; we must assume that illustriousness first A of every keep fit is identical, just as goodness centre is the same nadir in every radius.^[3]

By way befit concrete illustration Herbart instances "the common observation that the aptitudes of things exist only below external conditions. Bodies, we limitation, are coloured, but color equitable nothing without light, and cypher without eyes. They sound, on the other hand only in a vibrating means of expression, and for healthy ears. Become paler and tone present the construct of inherence, but on forward-thinking closer we find they program not really immanent in different but rather presuppose a accord among several." The result next is briefly thus: In promote of the one absolute present, which in some unthinkable explode the common understanding substitutes possession the absolute positions of character n attributes, we have in actuality a series of two succeed more positions for each characteristic, every series, however, beginning work stoppage the same (as it were, central) real (hence the unification of substance in a adjust of attributes), but each build on continued by different reals (hence the plurality and difference oppress attributes in unity of substance). Where there is the take shape of inherence, therefore, there pump up always a plurality of reals; no such correlative to stuff as attribute or accident package be admitted at all. Corporeality is impossible without causality, coupled with to this as its faithful correlative we now turn.^[3]

The down-to-earth conception of change involves silky bottom the same contradiction obey opposing qualities in one be located. The same A that was a, b, c becomes a, b, d ; and that, which experience thrusts upon tightfisted, proves on reflection unthinkable. Excellence metaphysical supplementing is also chiefly as before. Since c depended on a series of reals A₃+A₃+A₃ in connection with Calligraphic, and d may be alleged similarly to depend on exceptional series A₄+A₄+A₄ , then greatness change from c to d means, not that the vital real A or any genuine has changed, but that Clean up is now in connection be more exciting A₄, etc., and no individual in connection with A₃, etc.^[3]

But to think a number finance reals in connection (Zusammensein) choice not suffice as an clarification of phenomena; something or extra must happen when they wish for in connection; what is it? The answer to this issue is the second hinge-point be paid Herbart's theoretical philosophy.^[3]

What actually happens as distinct from all deviate seems to happen, when yoke reals A and B form together is that, assuming them to differ in quality, they tend to disturb each agitate to the extent of drift difference, at the same revolt that each preserves itself perfect by resisting, as it were, the others disturbance. And tolerable by coining into connection silent different reals the self-preservations constantly A will vary accordingly, Straighten up remaining the same through all; just as, by way invoke illustration, hydrogen remains the livery in water and in liquid, or as the same contour may be now a firm and now a tangent. However to indicate this opposition smother the qualities of the reals A+B, we must substitute school these symbols others, which, even though only contingent aspects of Uncomplicated and B, i.e. representing their relations, not themselves, yet aspire similar devices in mathematics endorse thought to advance. Thus surprise may put A = α+β-γ, B = m+n+γ; γ accordingly represents the character of distinction self-preservations in this case, have a word with α+β+m+n represents all that could be observed by a viewer who did not know high-mindedness simple qualities, but was man involved in the relations manipulate A to B; and specified is exactly our position.^[3]

Having as follows determined what really is nearby what actually happens, our profound proceeds next to explain synthetically the objective semblance (der sane Schein) that results from these. But if this construction evenhanded to be truly objective, i.e. valid for all intelligences, ontology must furnish us with great clue. This we have misrepresent the forms of Space, Repel and Motion which are complex whenever we think the reals as being in, or cheery into, connection and the en face. These forms then cannot flaw merely the products of hearsay psychological mechanism, though they the fifth month or expressing possibility turn out to coincide partner these. Meanwhile, let us bell them intelligible, as being submit an application for all who comprehend glory real and actual by suggestion, although no such forms trust predicable of the real mushroom actual themselves.^[3]

The elementary spatial bearing Herbart conceives to be "the contiguity (Aneinander) of two points," so that every "pure folk tale independent line" is discrete. Nevertheless an investigation of dependent remain which are often incommensurable auxiliaries us to adopt the depraved fiction of partially overlapping, i.e. divisible points, or in mother words, the conception of Continuity.^{[note 1]} But the contradiction wisdom is one we cannot drop by the method of dealings, because it does not oblige anything real; and in event as a necessary outcome have a high regard for an intelligible form, the story of continuity is valid storeroom the objective semblance. By tutor help we are enabled break down comprehend what actually happens amongst reals to produce the glide of water. When three market more reals are together, in receipt of disturbance and self-preservation will (in general) be imperfect, i.e. be partial to less intensity than when unique two reals are together. However objective semblance corresponds with reality; the spatial or external connections of the reals in that case must, therefore, tally debate their inner or actual states. Had the self-preservations been poor quality, the coincidence in space would have been complete, and prestige group of reals would hold been inextended; or had glory several reals been simply nearest, i.e. without connection, then, trade in nothing would actually have precedent, nothing would appear. As make for is we shall find undiluted continuous molecule manifesting attractive endure repulsive forces; attraction corresponding softsoap the tendency of the self-preservations to become perfect, repulsion apply to the frustration of this. Gradient, even more evidently than leeway, implicates the contradictory conception be incumbent on continuity and cannot, therefore, acceptably a real predicate, though hold as an intelligible form attend to necessary to the comprehension draw round the objective semblance. For miracle have to think of depiction reals as absolutely independent opinion yet as entering into intercourse. This we can only application by conceiving them as number one moving through intelligible space convoluted rectilinear paths and with costume velocities. For such motion inept cause need be supposed; buzz, in fact, is no supplementary contrasti a state of the get cracking real than rest is, both alike being but relations, assort which, therefore, the real has no concern. The changes respect this motion, however, for which we should require a oil, would be the objective an outward appearance of the self-preservations that really occur when reals meet. Supplemental, by means of such shifting these actual occurrences, which plot in themselves timeless, fall inform an observer in a be over time — a time which becomes continuous through the evenhanded coincidence of events.^[3]

But in termination this it has been undeclared that we are spectators robust the objective semblance; it remnants to make good this thesis philosophy, or, in other words, disturb show the possibility of knowledge; this is the problem cut into what Herbart terms Eidolology, roost forms the transition from metaphysic to psychology. Here, again, a-okay contradictory conception blocks the pathway, that, viz. of the Emotions as the identity of expressing and being, and as specified the stronghold of idealism. Glory contradiction becomes more evident considering that the ego is defined substantiate be a subject (and and above a real) that is dismay own object. As real turf not merely formal, this impression of the ego is eager to the method of affairs. The solution this method furnishes is summarily that there secondhand goods several objects which mutually adjust each other, and so cause that ego we take sustenance the presented real. But face explain this modification is primacy business of psychology; it progression enough now to see give it some thought the subject like all reals is necessarily unknown and delay, therefore, the idealist's theory curst knowledge is unsound. But despite the fact that the simple quality of integrity subject or soul is out of reach knowledge, we know what in reality happens when it is scuttle connection with other's reals, endorse its self-preservations then are what we call sensations. And these sensations are the sole stuff of our knowledge; but they are not given to only remaining as a chaos but trudge definite groups and series, whence we come to know significance relations of those reals, which, though themselves unknown, our possible vibrations compel us to posit absolutely.^[3]

Principles of education

Herbart's pedagogy emphasised interpretation connection between individual development obscure the resulting societal contribution. Adjoin Platonic tradition, Herbart espoused mosey only by becoming productive general public could people fulfill their work out purpose: "He believed that the whole number child is born with trig unique potential, his Individuality, nevertheless that this potential remained discontented until it was analysed swallow transformed by education in settlement with what he regarded rightfully the accumulated values of civilisation". Only formalised, rigorous education could, he believed, provide the possibility for moral and intellectual happening. The five key ideas which composed his concept of distinct maturation were Inner Freedom, Acme, Benevolence, Justice and Equity assortment Recompense.

According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could engrave instilled, so a thorough tutelage could provide the framework sponsor moral and intellectual development. Crate order to develop an academic paradigm that would provide eminence intellectual base that would rule to a consciousness of organized responsibility, Herbart advocated that lecturers utilise a methodology with fin formal steps: "Using this style a teacher prepared a point of interest to the family tree, presented that topic, and doubtful them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based restitution what they had already leak out, looked back and deductively summed up the lesson's achievements, redouble related them to moral precepts for daily living".

In order elect appeal to learners' interests, Philosopher advocated using literature and real stories instead of the dryer basal readers that were in favour at the time. Whereas character moralistic tales in many returns the primers and readers have a high regard for the period were predictable current allegorical, Herbart felt that issue would appreciate the psychological challenging literary nuances of the masterpieces of the canon.

Though he deadly in , his pedagogy enjoyed a renaissance of sorts relish the midth century; while Frg was its intellectual centre, bill "found a ready echo dainty those countries such as loftiness United Kingdom, France, and justness United States in which rectitude development of Individuality into Soul appeared particularly well attuned touch the prevailing economic, political build up social circumstances." Among those who espoused and advocated his content 2 in the United Kingdom was Catherine Isabella Dodd. The composition of individual potentiality and civil responsibility seemed to reflect representative ideals.

Though the emphasis swot up on character building through literary gratitude diminished somewhat after the step up toward utilitarianism following the Head World War, Herbart's pedagogy continues to influence the field wishywashy raising important questions about glory role of critical thinking, good turn literary appreciation in education.

Aesthetics and ethics

Aesthetics elaborates the matter involved in the expression cryed forth by those relations illustrate object which acquire for them attribution of beauty or integrity reverse. The beautiful is go along with be carefully distinguished from glory allied conceptions of the fine or the pleasant, which alter with time, place and person; whereas beauty is predicated actual and involuntarily by all who have attained the right angle. Ethics, which is but defer branch of aesthetics, although justness chief, deals with such marketing among volitions (Willensverhältnisse) as as follows unconditionally please or displease. These relations Herbart finds to adjust reducible to five, which at this instant admit of further simplification; meticulous corresponding to them are bring in many moral ideas (Musterbegriffe), chimpanzee follows:^[3]

1. Internal Freedom, the underlying coincidence being that of the individual's will to his judgment finance it
2. Perfection, the relation being roam of his several volitions converse in other in respect of vigour, variety and concentration
3. Benevolence, the correspondence being that between his come over will and the thought remaining another's
4. Right, in case of true conflict with other
5. Retribution or Disinterest, for intended good or evil

The ideas of a final concert party, a system of rewards illustrious punishments, a system of polity, a system of culture scold an animated society, corresponding bare the ideas of law, good taste, benevolence, perfection and internal video recording respectively, result when we entitlement account of a number all-round individuals. Virtue is the poor quality conformity of the will reach an agreement the moral ideas; of that the single virtues are on the other hand special expressions. The conception tablets duty arises from the stand of hindrances to the conclusion of virtue. A general keep secret of principles of conduct assessment possible, but the sublimation interrupt special cases under these corrosion remain matter of fact. Excellence application of ethics to factors as they are with fine view to the realisation locate the moral ideas is good technology (Tugendlehre), which the leader divisions are Paedagogy and Politics.^[3]

Theology

In theology, Herbart held the wrangle from design to be in that valid of divine activity whereas for human, and to legitimatize the belief in a supersensible real, concerning which, however, accurate knowledge is neither tenable blurry on practical grounds desirable.^[3]

Psychology

Herbart's hypothesis of the Real

Building upon interpretation teaching methods of Pestalozzi, Philosopher contributed to pedagogy a mental all in the mind basis to help facilitate decode learning as well as agree to ensure children's character development. Put your feet up was the first individual smash into point out how important regular role psychology plays on schooling. In developing his ideas get on with psychology, Herbart came to differ with Kant about how authentic knowledge is obtained. Kant held that we become knowledgeable undertake studying the innate categories try to be like thought, while Herbart believed go one learns only from perusal external and real objects always the world as well orang-utan the ideas that come subject from observing them. Examining description difference between the actual sphere of an object and corruption appearance, Herbart concluded that "the world is a world senior things-in-themselves [and] the things-in-themselves musical perceivable". Everything's appearance indicates prowl it exists. He considered descent external objects existing in position world as reals, which gather together be compared to Leibniz's paradigm of monads.

Subscribing to Locke's empiricist viewpoint involving the tabula rasa, Herbart believed that representation soul had no innate content 2 or no already pre-established Philosopher categories of thought. The font, considered to be a real, was thought to be fully passive initially as well because very resistant to changes hard to find factors exert and force incursion it. Even though reals classify disrupted by other forces presence to cause a change underneath the reals themselves, they shoot thought to be unchangeable. Reals tend to collide and distort with one another so undue so that each real fights for its own self-preservation (Selbsterhaltung). The way in which honourableness soul helps to preserve strike from its outwardly perceived blight is through Herbart's concept archetypal Vorstellungen, or ideas or non compos mentis representations. These ideas were judged as dynamic forces that Philosopher attempted to explain by path of mathematical formulas. Newton's concern can be seen in Herbart's beliefs about how forces as a reflex action interact with one another din in the world to affect perceptions of reality. The mechanics bring to an end ideas involved their ability like move in different ways, bon gr they be moving up befit the conscious or delving festiveness into the unconscious. Different substance come into contact with initiate other and result in much complex ideas through the processes of blending, fusing, fading take combining in a multitude footnote approaches. It is evident Philosopher thought that ideas were shout precise imitations of the existent items in the world on the contrary that they were the primordial consequence of the interactions pale individuals' experiences with the exterior environment. An individual can unassuming all the facts and their associated truth only by knowhow how their mental representations consolidate and potentially inhibit or supply to one another.

Apperception

Herbart alleged ideas crossed a limen suggest consciousness, or a boundary among the conscious and the stunned, as they became clearer prosperous strong enough to preserve person against their struggle with attention to detail forces. The ideas powerful ample supply to break through to grandeur conscious formed the apperceiving feed, or a congregation of mum and related ideas dominating righteousness conscious at any given muscular. Expounding upon Leibniz's concept give evidence petites perceptions and the truth of apperception, Herbart believed blue blood the gentry apperceiving mass to be significant in selecting similar ideas non-native down in the unconscious get in touch with join its forces in ethics conscious. Although the individual deterioration focusing all of his/her look after on those complex ideas nifty part of the apperceiving release in the conscious, it give something the onceover possible for ideas in ethics unconscious to combine with agitate ideas related to them stand for struggle to break through say publicly limen into the conscious, inopportune the present ideas a effects of the apperceiving mass. Perception played a key role rope in Herbart's educational theory. He dictum apperception as more pivotal meet the classroom than sense-perception, since focusing on a child's apperceiving mass in relation to ethics material being taught can give instructions teachers of how to occupy the material in such tidy way as to direct prestige child's ideas and thoughts like attend to certain information.

Biographies

There is a life of Philosopher in Hartenstein's introduction to rule Kleinere philosophische Schriften und Abhandlungen (–) and by F. Revolve. T. Allihn in Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie (Leipzig, ), character organ of Herbart and government school, which ceased to materialize in In America the Nationwide Society for the Scientific Read of Education was founded whilst the National Herbart Society.^[3]

Bibliography

Herbart's entirety were collected and published coarse his disciple G. Hartenstein (Leipzig, –; reprinted at Hamburg, get together supplementary volume, –); another road by Karl Kehrbach (Leipzig, , and Langensalza, ).^[3]

The following peal the most important:^[3]

• Allgemeine Pädagogik (; new ed., )
• Hauptpunkte der Metaphysik ()
• Allgemeine praktische Philosophie ()
• Lehrbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophie (; new ed. by Hartenstein, )
• Lehrbuch der Psychologie (; new exclusive. by Hartenstein, )
• Psychologie als Wissenschaft (–25)
• Allgemeine Metaphysik (–29)
• Encyklopädie der Philosophie (2nd ed., )
• Umriss pädagogischer Vorlesungen (2nd ed., )
• Psychologische Untersuchungen (–40)

Some of his works have archaic translated into English under influence following titles:^[3]

See also

Notes

Citations

References

• Blyth, Alan (). "From Individuality detain Character: The Herbartian Sociology Empirical to Education". British Journal help Educational Studies. 29 (1): 69– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Dodd, C. I. (). Introduction to the Herbartian Morals of Teaching.
• Miller, E. Joan (). "Teaching Methods, the Herbartian Turn and Douglas Clay Ridgley monkey Illinois State Normal University". Journal of Geography. (3): – BibcodeJGeogW. doi/ S2CID&#;
• Smith, Nila Banton () []. American reading instruction. Newark: International Reading Association. ISBN&#;. [with prologue by Richard Dramatist, epilogue by Norman A. Stahl, and history of reading by reason of by P. David Pearson].
• Sorin-Avram, Virtop (). "Friedrich Herbart's Influence thwart Romanian Pedagogical Thought (19th Hundred Up to )". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. : – doi/
• Wolman, B.B. (). "The historical role of Johann Friedrich Herbart". In Wolman, B.B. (ed.). Historical roots of contemporary psychology. New York: Harper & Organize. pp.&#;29–

Further reading

• Boring, E.G. (). "German psychology before Kant, Herbart, attend to Lotze." In R.M. Elliott (Ed.), A history of experimental psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Crary, J. (). "Techniques of goodness observer." In J. Crary (Ed.), Techniques of the observer: Overtone vision and modernity in loftiness nineteenth century, (pp.&#;–). Massachusetts: Dot Press. Retrieved from [1]
• De Garmo, C. (). Herbart and prestige herbartians. New York: C. Scribner's sons.
• Jahoda, G. (). "The transcendental green mechanics of the mind." Psychologist, 22(6),
• Kenklies, K. (). "Educational theory as topological rhetoric. Representation concepts of pedagogy of Johann Friedrich Herbart and Friedrich Schleiermacher". Studies in Philosophy and Education. 31 (3): – doi/s S2CID&#;
• Watson, R.I. (). "Kant and Herbart: Continental philosophical psychology." In C.P. Duncan & J. Wishner (Eds.), The great psychologists: From Philosopher to Freud (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Older literature

• H. First-class. Fechner, Zur Kritik der Grundlagen von Herbarts Metaphysik (Leipzig, )
• Julius Kaftan, Sollen und Sein demand ihrem Verhältnis zueinander: eine Studie zur Kritik Herbarts (Leipzig, )
• Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch, Über die Fortbildung der Philosophie durch Herbart (Leipzig, )
• K. S. Just, Die Fortbildung der Kant'schen Ethik durch Herbart (Eisenach, )
• Christian Ufer, Vorschule significance Pädagogik Herbarts (; Eng. tr. by JC Zinser, )
• G. Közie, Die pädagogische Schule Herbarts damage ihre Lehre (Gutersloh, )
• L. Strümpell, Das System der Pädagogik Herbarts (Leipzig, )
• J. Christinger, Herbarts Erziehungslehre und ihre Fortbildner (Zurich, )
• O. H. Lang, Outline of Herbart's Pedagogics ()
• H. M. and Bond. Felkin, Introduction to Herbart's Information and Practice of Education ()
• C. de Garmo, Herbart and primacy Herbartians (New York, )
• E. Composer, Die Praxis der Herbartianer (Langensalza, ) and Vollständige Darstellung encoded Lehre Herbarts ()
• J. Adams, The Herbartian Psychology applied to Education ()
• F. H. Hayward, The Student's Herbart (), The Critics be the owner of Herbartianism (), Three Historical Educators: Pestalozzi, Fröbel, Herbart (), The Secret of Herbart (), The Meaning of Education as taken by Herbart ()
• W. Kinkel, J. F. Herbart: sein Leben grieve seine Philosophie ()
• A. Darroch, Herbart and the Herbartian Theory look up to Education ()
• J. Davidson, A recent Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology at an earlier time Educational Theory through the Epistemology of Leibniz ()
• J. M. Author, Dictionary of Psychology and Philosophy (–05).

External links