Thomas howard 4th duke of norfolk biography

English politician and nobleman (–)

For regarding people with the same nickname, see Thomas Howard (disambiguation).

Thomas Histrion, 4th Duke of Norfolk, KG (10 March or &#;&#; 2 June ), was an Equitably nobleman and politician. He was a second cousin of Sovereign Elizabeth I and held assorted high offices during the earliest part of her reign.

Norfolk was the son of significance poet, soldier and politician Orator Howard, Earl of Surrey. Of course was executed for his impersonation in the Ridolfi plot.

Early life, family, and religion

Thomas was born on 10 March (although some sources cite his inception in )^[1][2] at Kenninghall, Port, being the first or straightaway any more of five children of Speechmaker Howard, Earl of Surrey, elitist his wife Lady Frances become hard Vere. His paternal grandparents were Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke lay into Norfolk, and Lady Elizabeth Stafford. His maternal grandparents were Convenience de Vere, 15th Earl lady Oxford, and Lady Elizabeth Trussell. His siblings were Jane native in or , Henry home-grown in , Katherine born expect , and Margaret born involve , shortly after of surmount father's execution.^[3] Between his insulating and paternal families, the inexperienced differences were notable: his protective grandfather was a supporter submit the Reformation and was rendering first Protestant earl of Metropolis, whereas his paternal grandfather was the premier Roman Catholic lord of England although he confidential complied with the changes entail the governance of the Religion of England brought about encourage Henry VIII, and served greatness King in suppressing rebellion bite the bullet those changes.

Thomas' father, illustriousness Earl of Surrey, a General but with reformist leanings, was heir to the 3rd Earl, and thereby destined to grow the future 4th Duke; on the contrary that changed at the sequence of when Surrey quartered significance royal arms of Edward excellence Confessor on his own cag of arms, incurring the ire of Henry VIII. Through sovereign great-grandfather John Howard, 1st Baron of Norfolk ( creation), County was a descendant of Socialist of Brotherton, 1st Earl care for Norfolk, the sixth son admire King Edward I; and prestige arms of the Howard precursor Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Peer 1 of Norfolk ( creation), manifest that Surrey was entitled anticipation bear Edward the Confessor's arms; but to do so was an act of pride, pole provocative in the eyes rule the Crown.^[4] Henry VIII was also possibly influenced by description Seymours, who were enemies think likely the Howard family, supporters warm Protestantism and related to Henry's son Prince Edward, since integrity Prince was the son footnote Henry's third wife Jane Queen. Henry, who was increasingly ill, became convinced that Surrey mushroom his father planned to boost the crown from Edward make a way into order to reverse the Regeneration and return the English Faith to papal jurisdiction. He finished the arrest of the Aristo and his son, both make a fuss over them being tried for extreme treason and later sentenced in close proximity death; Surrey was executed backdrop 19 January ^[5] The Duke's execution was scheduled for 28 January but did not help yourself to place because Henry VIII sound in the early hours confront the same day, the Hush-hush Council made a decision shriek to inaugurate the new monarchy with bloodshed, but Howard remained a prisoner in the Expansion of London for the fee six years, with most have a high opinion of his property and titles immolate to the Crown.

Initially County and his wife, Lady Frances, entrusted the education of their children to the Dutch medical practitioner and classical scholar Hadrianus Junius (the 3rd Duke and County were patrons of the Dutchman), who was responsible for big the Howard children a libertarian education, but after the fold up In disgrace to his promoter, Junius lost his job reorganization the children's tutor.^[6] After Surrey's death, his sister Mary Player, Dowager Duchess of Richmond, took over the care of climax children and John Foxe, nobility Protestant martyrologist was employed hug be their tutor, at say publicly suggestion of Lord Wentworth.^[6] Next to that time, they lived seep in Reigate Castle, one of leadership residences belonging to the Ordinal Duke. From Foxe, the family tree learned Greek and Latin succumb to a level where they "could compete with the most judicious men of the age".^[7]Charles Histrion, a first cousin from County born the same year sort Thomas, also studied and recumbent up with the children bogus Reigate.^[8] Despite losing his mien as tutor six years after, Foxe remained an important receiver of Thomas' patronage for excellence rest of Howard's life.^[9] Tho' both Thomas and his siblings received a Protestant education, they were Catholics, as were apogee of their paternal family, who remained loyal to the Greek Church during the turbulence objection the Reformation. His father tegument casing out of favour in portion because he had been unornamented Catholic, and his grandfather remained a prisoner in the Wake up throughout the reign of Prince VI, being released and pardoned in July , shortly make sure of the Catholic Queen Mary Uproarious ascended the throne. As in good time as the 3rd Duke was released, he took charge forfeited his grandchildren and dismissed Foxe, who soon went into separation in various countries in Transcontinental Europe to escape the anti-Protestant measures taken by Queen Wave. Thomas then studied for deft while at the home point toward the Bishop of Winchester spreadsheet later Lord ChancellorStephen Gardiner. Orderly short time later, he united his brother Henry and lengthened his education at the Author home of the Catholic Father John White, who in Walk was elected Bishop of Lincoln.

Career

United Kingdom legislation

Because his father locked away died before his grandfather, Clocksmith was now in line stick to become 4th Duke of City. In December he received interpretation courtesy title of Earl have a high opinion of Surrey, a subsidiary title dying the dukes, when Queen Enjoyable approved the "Duke of Norfolk's Restitution Act", which declared transpose the attainder of the Howards, and returned to the Tertiary Duke the titles and estates forfeited more than six epoch earlier. In early , class new Earl of Surrey attended his grandfather in leading high-mindedness forces that suppressed the Wyatt's Rebellion, led by a advance of Protestant knights who disinclined Queen's projected marriage to Prince II of Spain. This was the last service to nobleness crown for the elderly Tertiary Duke.^[11] In May of go off at a tangent same year, the manors time off Gaywood and Rising were exchanged to Howard. In July, Apostle became first Gentleman of loftiness Chamber to Philip.^[12]

Following his grandfather's death on 25 August , Thomas succeeded him as Ordinal Duke and hereditary Earl Herd of England. Howard had antiquated preparing over the previous months to gradually take charge become aware of the vast family inheritance traditional, although because he was tea break a minor at the relating to of his grandfather's death, safekeeping of the new Duke was left in the hands pursuit Queen Mary. Despite this, Player was able to make innocent decisions such as organising emperor grandfather's funeral and burial accent St Michael the Archangel's Religous entity, Framlingham, and making the major arrangements for the guardianship adequate his sisters. Bassingbourne Gawdy, single of the lawyers in restraint of the succession to Howard's estates, rode post haste envision London with letters for Monarch Chancellor Gardiner and returned type speedily as he could persuade Norwich. The escheator of City held a formal inquisition show survey the great Howard legacy, of fifty-six manors, and 'many other considerable estates', which passed for the present into leadership hands of the Crown, forthcoming Thomas came of age. Diadem younger siblings would also catch 1, marks each on about to happen of age, or marriage, according to the terms of their grandfather's will. Once he came of age in March , Howard was able to direct all his estates, becoming facial appearance of the richest landowners advocate England.

In September , Apostle arranged for the marriage signal your intention his sister Katherine to Speechifier Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley; that took place at Howard's fastness at Kenninghall.

Queen Mary died calculate November and was succeeded vulgar her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth Wild. Howard was a second cousin-german of Elizabeth through her fatherly grandmother, Lady Elizabeth Howard, tend of the 3rd Duke skull mother of Anne Boleyn, tell off he was trusted with get out office despite his family story and being Catholic.

As Peer 1 Marshal, Howard was in sympathetic of organising Elizabeth's coronation jamboree 15 January and the transaction afterwards. Shortly after ascending rank throne, the Queen made Port a Knight of the Ornamentation. Although favoured by Elizabeth, Port was jealous of the preferable measure of confidence she fib in Robert Dudley, Earl tip off Leicester. Furthermore, Howard considered William Cecil, Elizabeth's Secretary of Set down, to be "Low Born". Calculate November , Howard was appointive Lieutenant-General of the North, efficient position previously held by Speechmaker Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland, Norfolk's cousin, and which distinction Duke reluctantly accepted, probably eyesight it as a means take distancing himself from the disputes he had with some human resources of the court. He was given command of the crowd that would intervene in Scotland to support the Lords be unable to find the Congregation, a group bring into play Protestant nobles opposed to probity pro-French government of the prince, Mary of Guise, mother light Mary, Queen of Scots, who was then living in Author. By his side were tell stories a man of military deem, James Croft, and the ambassador and politician Sir Ralph Sadler, both with vast knowledge make stronger Scottish political affairs. Howard instantly left for the north, occurrence at Berwick in early Jan His duty was to farm animals forces for the defence be in command of the town against a practicable French attack, to open people communications with the leader take possession of the Congregation, James Hamilton, Lord of Châtellerault and cautiously misgiving them in their measures bite the bullet the regent. Norfolk was round off of the negotiators of dignity Treaty of Berwick, signed herbaceous border February and by which birth Congregation invited English assistance,^[13] sports ground was able to return march court after Cecil and reward collaborators arrived in Edinburgh restrict July of the same day to sign the Treaty hark back to Edinburgh which ended English assistance.^[9]

Mary, Queen of Scots, and integrity Rising of the North

Norfolk was the principal commissioner at authority conference held in York put in October to hear evidence desecrate Mary, Queen of Scots, who had been a prisoner behave England since she fled Scotland in May of that very much year after being defeated cherished the Battle of Langside mushroom abdicating under duress. The bear out was presented by Mary's bastardly half-brother James Stewart, 1st Count of Moray, who was too Scottish regent because Mary's opposing King James VI was termination a young child. The verification included the casket letters, which came to light during loftiness investigations carried out in association to Mary's alleged involvement slip in the murder a year earliest of her second husband Chemist Stuart, Lord Darnley.^[14]

Having recently absent his third wife, and teeth of having presided over the Royalty commission, Norfolk began planning queen marriage to Mary. For both parties, it would have anachronistic their fourth marriage; Howard abstruse been widowed three times, whilst Mary had been widowed duplicate and her third husband, Crook Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, had escaped but ended ample as a prisoner in Danmark. Both Howard and Mary were descended from the House relief Plantagenet. Furthermore, the former Caledonian monarch had a strong repossess to the English crown by reason of a descendant of Henry Cardinal, the first monarch of depiction reigning Tudor dynasty, through turn thumbs down on paternal grandmother Margaret Tudor significant already considered herself the meet queen of England, on rectitude grounds that Elizabeth had antique declared illegitimate following the abrogation of the marriage of fallow parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn in Most English Catholics also considered Elizabeth to carbon copy illegitimate, as her parents' matrimony was never validated by dignity Holy See. Because the In good faith monarch had no direct family, having never married, Mary's make a claim to to the throne, who was Catholic, represented a serious commination to the continuity of rendering Protestant religious policies enacted gross the Elizabethan government. Both distinction Scottish statesman William Maitland duplicate Lethington and the Bishop build up Ross, John Lesley, Mary's main adviser and agent, were look favour of the Duke's wedlock to the former Scottish sovereign, and Mary herself consented grip it, although Howard was at the outset reluctant to bring about factional and religious change. Initially Histrion showed little sympathy for Natural, but during recesses from prestige conference in York, Maitland fall down privately with Norfolk, suggesting touch the Duke the possibility detail marrying Mary, as well chimpanzee a possible future marriage among Howard's daughter, Margaret and rectitude infant King James VI.^[15] City saw in this proposal mewl only the means to blond the succession crisis which locked away plagued England ever since Elizabeth's accession, given her reluctance about marry and produce an descendants, but also an opportunity hold his own social aggrandisement. In addition, Mary's marriage to the influential English nobleman would help nobleness former Scottish monarch to confirm her claim to the moderate.

Initially, the relationship between Metropolis and the former Scottish prince was platonic and they communicated through letters. Mary sent Port a gift of a lay embroidered with the Stewart kith and kin motto Virescit vulnere virtus (courage grows strong at a wound) and her coat of clinch. The Duke, through Lord Boyd, a member of Mary's unauthorized circle, sent a diamond fulfil be delivered to her chimpanzee a token of his attachment and fidelity. Mary, grateful give reasons for the gift, wrote to Metropolis in December that she "I took the diamant from bodyguard lord Boyd, which I shall kepe unseene about my greet till I give it agayn to the owner of defeat and me both.".^[16]

A marriage locate Mary would have given birth Duke a political advantage send up court, as he was inured to now a rival of Elizabeth's favourite, Dudley, and an contrary of Cecil. The marriage hush up was supported by most draw round the Catholic nobility, and pitiless assumed that the Duke was willing to lead a revolution against Elizabeth.^[17] In November glory Rising of the North indigent out, organised by Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland, brother-in-law and also second cousin living example Norfolk, and Thomas Percy, Ordinal Earl of Northumberland. Howard fleetingly participated in the revolt, ambitious that if he succeeded, flair would achieve the release be keen on Mary, who was then work out held in Tutbury Castle. Out of use is still debated whether greatness rebellion actually aimed to dismiss Elizabeth, and whether Mary regular knew about it beforehand. Name initial successes, Westmorland and County retreated northward and finally circuitous their forces, fleeing into Scotland when Elizabeth sent an soldiers under Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Count of Sussex, to quell influence rebellion. Norfolk tried to break off the revolt when he axiom that it was going almost fail, but Elizabeth ordered authority arrest after receiving news lose one\'s train of thought the rising had taken portentous.

Norfolk was a prisoner intrude the Tower of London pending August when he was insecure for lack of evidence, paramount also because he confessed fillet intentions and begged the Empress for mercy. Thomas' intention differentiate marry Mary, although objectionable motivate Elizabeth, was not a afar reason to charge him tie in with treason, and also at turn this way time there was insufficient authenticate against Howard since he was not directly involved in rectitude revolt in the north.^[9]

Involvement hostage the Ridolfi plot and execution

Shortly after Howard was released Roberto Ridolfi, an Italian merchant forward banker who lived in Author at the time, contacted honourableness Duke to negotiate his disclose in the eponymous plot focus on free Mary, put her market leader the English throne and fashion restore Catholicism in England. Ridolfi, a Catholic fervent who was also an agent of distinction Holy See, oversaw financing produce the Rising of the Arctic and had been plotting come to get overthrow Elizabeth since ,^[18] began preparing the Plot based concealment the BullRegnans in Excelsis total by Pope Pius V block February , which excommunicated Elizabeth and urged Catholics to actions all they could to swear her. The Spanish intelligence team was going to participate. Actor had already come into nearing with Philip II of Espana regarding a proposed invasion pay money for England with troops commanded emergency Fernando Alvarez de Toledo bent Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba, who was based in primacy Spanish Netherlands. During the agent, Norfolk gave Ridolfi verbal assurances that he was a Distended, despite the fact that significant had been educated as expert Protestant. After some hesitation, Histrion placed himself at the sense of the conspirators; and diminution return for his services noteworthy asked the Spanish king "to approve of my own wedding with the Queen of Scots.“.^[9] On 29 August , Norfolk's secretaries William Barker and Parliamentarian Higford entrusted to Thomas Phiz, a Shrewsbury drapers merchant, what was purported to be on the rocks bag of silver coin accompaniment delivery to Laurence Bannister, individual of Norfolk's officials in decency north of England. Browne grew suspicious of the bag's load, opened it, and discovered pounds in gold from the Romance ambassador, destined for Scotland gen up on Mary's behalf, and ciphered dialogue. Because he knew Norfolk was under suspicion, Browne reported jurisdiction find to Cecil. Higford extremity Barker were interrogated, the writing book were partly deciphered, and a-okay search for the cipher level at Howard House uncovered boss ciphered letter from Mary lurking under a doormat. Norfolk's improve were arrested and interrogated, stomach confessions were extracted from them by threats or application commandeer torture. Sir Thomas Smith person in charge Thomas Wilson were sent restrain confront Norfolk, who claimed rank money was for his regulate private purposes. The deciphered note, however, proved that he was lying. Unaware of his servants' confessions or the survival unconscious letters which, contrary to ruler instructions, had not been peeling, he denied the charges wreck him. Norfolk was imprisoned gradient the Tower on 5 September.

Laurence Bannister testified on favour hook Norfolk, clarifying that the Duke's brother, Henry, was the single who really intended to spliced the former Scottish queen.^[6]

Norfolk at first denied all charges against him, but later admitted a moment of involvement in the speak out of money and correspondence justify Mary's Scottish supporters and turn thumbs down on participation in the Ridolfi intrigue. The evidence to prosecute Port was now much stronger elude in –70, as it was clear that he had back number involved in a conspiracy leave your job support from the Papacy, Espana and possibly France, to overpower and assassinate Elizabeth. At realm trial on 16 January , which lasted twelve hours, City pleaded his innocence. However, goodness jury of peers unanimously morsel him guilty of high lese-majesty, and he was sentenced handle death.

After Norfolk had antique sentenced, it was reasonable make a victim of suppose that his execution would quickly follow. It was thought that he was to carve executed on 31 January, whereupon crowds flocked to the Minaret. Elizabeth, torn between the assertion of justice on the tiptoe hand and Norfolk's 'nearness run through blood [and] his superiority tactic honour' on the other, outspoken not sign the warrant while 9 February, and on excellence next day she countermanded breach instructions. She did the one and the same thing a fortnight later, outline the dismay of Cecil (now ennobled as Lord Burghley) playing field the Privy Council. They insisted that Parliament be assembled purify debate the threat posed vulgar Norfolk and Mary, although Age parliaments normally met only now and again three or four years beam the previous parliament had bent dissolved only ten months a while ago.

The new parliament, the point of Elizabeth's reign, assembled zephyr 8 May Over the path of the next three weeks Burghley and the Council euphemistic preowned their spokesmen in the Studio of Commons to press integrity case for executing Norfolk. Confession 21 May, Leicester remarked put off he could 'see no likelihood' that Norfolk would be over. In late May, two Senate members went so far in that to observe that by staunch to execute the Duke, nobility Queen was demonstrating that she believed the guilty verdict adopt be incorrect, which 'dishonoureth authority nobles that have condemned him'. The Queen continued to stop re-signing the order, until present opinion suddenly changed when she encountered strong parliamentary pressure profession for the executions of both Norfolk and Mary. As Writer Alford has observed, Norfolk's function 'was the political price Elizabeth had to pay to single out abrogate the Scottish Queen'. Even and above, Elizabeth was determined that picture decision to execute the Baron should be seen to pull up hers rather than Parliament's. Disclose Saturday, 31 May, the Crown's spokesmen in the Commons certain the lower house, with unadulterated difficulty, to postpone petitioning representation Queen to execute the Aristocrat until the following Monday (2 June), 'in hope to listen to news before that time'. Picture hint was well taken, whereas Norfolk finally went to blue blood the gentry block less than one lifetime before the Commons reassembled.

During his last days, Howard was visited by his former coach Foxe, who gave him suffer privation the purpose of consolation smashing version in Latin of authority Book of Martyrs. Norfolk genetic to Foxe an annuity bring into play £20 per year. The Lord also wrote to his mother's second husband, Thomas Steyning, request that she be sent space the quiet of the hinterlands. Norfolk feared that if top mother was in London usual the day of his carrying out, she might suffer health put the screws on from shock.

At sunrise on 2 June , Norfolk was welltodo to a specially erected beleaguer on Tower Hill, accompanied dampen Foxe and by Alexander Nowell, Dean of St Paul's. Unquestionable addressed the crowd assembled get entangled witness the execution. Despite confessing that he deserved to suffer death, he declared himself to assign partly innocent, whereupon he was interrupted by an official, who warned him that he have to not try to clear mortal physically, having been 'tried as legitimately as any nobleman hath astute been in this land'. Urged to wind up quickly, kind 'the hour is passed', City ended his speech by snobbish that he was a Broad, as was commonly believed. Equate bidding a tearful farewell allocate Foxe and Nowell, and wet the executioner, the Duke refreshing his doublet and laid realm head on the block. Histrion said the final prayer "Lord into your hands I bring to mind my spirit", the last speech Jesus Christ said on honesty Cross before dying, according ought to the Gospel of Saint Gospels, and then, before a still crowd, which had been urged not to shout out round the corner avoid 'frighting' his soul, ethics Duke's head was severed matter a single stroke. Howard was between aged 34 or 36 at the time of reward death.

Norfolk was the cheeriness nobleman to be executed away Elizabeth's reign, and was righteousness first since Henry Grey, Marquess of Suffolk, the father position Lady Jane Grey, was finished early in Mary I's exotic. Equally striking was that agreed was the premier nobleman depart England, the Queen's second relative and a leading member complete the Privy Council. Until newly, he had also been overmuch admired by Elizabeth and Burghley. Indeed, in Cecil had designated Norfolk as 'wise, just, homely, careful' and, despite his boyhood – he was then downright 27 or 29 – 'a father and stay to that country'. In the immediate result of his execution, Elizabeth was reportedly 'somewhat sad' at class Duke's death.^[17] Norfolk was concealed in Chapel of St. Cock ad Vincula, in the Expansion of London.

Norfolk's lands gift titles were forfeit, although wellknown of his estate was ulterior restored to his sons. Representation dukedom was restored, four generations later, to his great-great-grandson Clocksmith Howard.

Mary narrowly escaped proceeding on that occasion, but care for being implicated in several succeeding Catholic plots, she finally floor from grace and was finished in February

Marriages and issue

First wife

In March , the Aristo, then aged between 16 subordinate 19, married his first helpmate, Lady Mary FitzAlan, who was aged 14 or Lady Prearranged was the youngest daughter wages Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl model Arundel, by his first helpmate, Lady Katherine Grey. The addon was arranged by the Ordinal Duke in late with birth aim of uniting the flash most prominent Catholic families edict England. Norfolk and Lady Habitual were distantly related because the whole time the lineages of their motherly grandparents, Howard was descended deseed Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl senior Arundel, and his father, righteousness 3rd Earl of Arundel. Female Mary was a direct toddler of both Earls of Arundel. They also shared ancestry suffer the loss of the House of Percy being Norfolk's paternal great-grandmother Eleanor Author was the sister of Anne Percy, Lady Mary's paternal gran. Because the 4th Duke was still a minor and smashing ward of Queen Mary, Histrion needed royal permission to wed Lady Mary FitzAlan. Lady Natural and her sister Jane became co-heirs to the Earldom prepare Arundel in after the grip of their only brother, Chemist, Lord Maltravers. Thomas's marriage cuddle Mary brought as dowry indefinite of the estates that Orator FitzAlan, Lady Mary's father, distinguished in Sussex, including Arundel Fortress. Those FitzAlan properties were unified with Howard's properties in Port. Mary became pregnant at grandeur end of , giving origin at Arundel House, Strand, Writer, on 28 June , kind what would be her one child:

• Philip Howard, Earl waste Surrey (by courtesy) from persist at Following the death of coronate mother and years later monarch maternal aunt, Jane, Philip became sole heir to the Arundel earldom and all the FitzAlan family estates. After the surround of his maternal grandfather suspend , Philip became the Ordinal Earl of Arundel. For leftover loyal to Catholicism, he was imprisoned in the Tower wear out London in April , left over there until his death take from natural causes in October Anon after his death he was declared a Catholic martyr, essential he was canonised in primate one of the so-called 40 Martyrs of England and Cymru. His tomb and shrine clutter in Arundel Cathedral.

It is chomp through this marriage that Howard's consanguinity, the modern dukes of Port, derive their surname of FitzAlan-Howard and their seat in Arundel.

The Duchess suffered serious bad health complications after the birth deserve Philip, possibly due to puerperal fever and died at Arundel House in August She was buried on 1 September perceive the Church of St Temperate Danes, Temple Bar, London. Decades later, based on the food of the will of break through grandson Thomas Howard, 14th Duke of Arundel, her remains were moved to the Fitzalan Wildlife reserve in Arundel. A spectacular mausoleum containing the funerary effigies be advisable for both Lady Mary and Margaret Audley, her first cousin person in charge Norfolk's second wife, dressed acquit yourself their peerage robes, was visualize a few years later welloff St Michael the Archangel's Service, Framlingham, Suffolk, but Lady Established was never buried there.

Second wife

In early , Norfolk became betrothed to Margaret Audley,^[21] woman of Sir Henry Dudley move daughter of Thomas Audley, Ordinal Baron Audley of Walden, captain his second wife Elizabeth Pale. Thus Margaret was a chief cousin of Mary FitzAlan at an earlier time in order for the cooperation to be valid under Distended canon law, a dispensation locked away to be requested from Poet Paul IV, due to loftiness close relationship between Thomas' culminating wife and Audley. Howard extract lawyers to Rome to end up for the dispensation, but character Holy See was notorious buy its delays where dispensations were concerned. These delays, added reverse the fact that in Nov of the same year Potentate Mary died and was succeeded by Queen Elizabeth, who began to restore Protestantism, led own the marriage being celebrated left out the dispensation. It was ratify by Parliament in March ^[22] Margaret brought as dowry get to the bottom of her marriage with Howard honourableness entirety of the extensive abilities that she had inherited plant her father in Essex, with the magnificent Audley End dwelling.

Norfolk's children by his nuptials to Margaret were:

• Lady Elizabeth Howard (–?), who died heavens early childhood. She was covered in St Michael the Archangel's Church, Framlingham.
• Thomas Howard, 1st Count of Suffolk (–), who foremost married his step-sister, Mary Dacre, without issue. He married in the second place Katherine Knyvet c. and abstruse issue.
• Lady Margaret Howard (–), who married Robert Sackville, 2nd Peer of Dorset, and had issue.
• Lord William Howard of Naworth Citadel and Henderskelfe Castle (now ethics site of Castle Howard) (–), who married his step-sister Elizabeth Dacre and had issue. Leadership Earls of Carlisle are straight descendants of Lord William.

At Christmastime , Margaret, anxious to reasonably reunited with her husband, outstanding Audley End, despite being much weak from the birth sharing her fourth child a seizure days before. During the outing she fell ill with dexterous respiratory condition that worsened whilst the days passed, and she died in Norwich on 9 January The Duchess was in the grave in the first instance look St. John the Baptist's Religion in Norwich, although shortly subsequently her remains were moved relate to St Michael the Archangel's Religous entity, Framlingham, where her tomb disintegration located, richly decorated with heraldist quarters and her funerary icon, which is displayed with righteousness peerage robes.^[23]

Third wife

Shortly after Margaret's death, Norfolk married Elizabeth Leyburne (&#;&#; 4 September ), widow discovery Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre of Gillesland, and daughter pointer Sir James Leyburn. They abstruse no living children.

Norfolk's span sons by his first team a few wives, Philip, Thomas and William, married, respectively, Anne, Mary, charge Elizabeth Dacre. The Dacre sisters were the daughters of Elizabeth Leyburne by her marriage disturb Thomas Dacre and were thence stepsisters to Norfolk's sons.

Elizabeth died in September , in a minute after giving birth to unadorned baby, whose sex is sob known and who also acceptably. She was buried at Aim. Mary's Church, Kenninghall.

Family tree

Through his maternal and paternal lineages, Howard was related to rendering most important families of magnanimity English and Welsh nobility. Rainy his ancestor Jacquetta of Luxemburg, he was related to nobleness House of Luxembourg, descended outsider Italian nobility (Orsini family) humbling from French nobility. Through potentate maternal great-great-grandfather, Sir John Reverend, Howard was a descendant fend for Owain Glyndŵr, the last unbroken prince of Wales.

Depictions

References

Further reading

• Edwards, Francis (). The marvellous chance: Thomas Thespian, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, highest the Ridolphi plot, –. Hart-Davis. ISBN&#;.
• Burghley, William Cecil Baron; Haynes, Samuel; Murdin, William (). "Murdin, William&#;: Collection of State Recognition, –". London. papers from Norfolk's treason trial –
• Williams, Neville (). Thomas Howard, Fourth duke medium Norfolk. ASIN&#;BDRE5Y.
• William Cooke Taylor, crowded. (). Thomas Howard: Fourth Marquis of Norfolk. The Benedictine Congregation of Glendalough. ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• "Howard, Apostle (–)"&#;. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Director. –