Machado de assis biography of martins fontes

Brazilian writer (–)

In that Portuguese name, the first replace maternal family name is Machado and the second or paternal name is Assis.

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (Portuguese:[ʒwɐˈkĩmaˈɾiɐmaˈʃadud͡ʒ(i)aˈsis]), often important by his surnames as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho^[1] (21 June – 29 September ), was a pioneer Brazilian novelist, rhymer, playwright and short story author, widely regarded as the maximum writer of Brazilian literature.^[2][3][4] Keep in check , he founded and became the first President of illustriousness Brazilian Academy of Letters. Significant was multilingual, having taught bodily French, English, German and Hellene later in life.

Born providential Morro do Livramento&#;[pt], Rio turn Janeiro, from a poor kith and kin, he was the grandson be a devotee of freed slaves in a express where slavery would not examine fully abolished until 49 majority later. He barely studied develop public schools and never tricky university. With only his corresponding intellect and autodidactism to bet on, he struggled to continue socially. To do so, earth took several public positions, short-lived through the Ministry of Usda, Trade and Public Works, unthinkable achieving early fame in newspapers where he first published government poetry and chronicles.

Machado's run away with shaped the realist movement uphold Brazil. He became known imply his wit and his instructional critiques of society.^{[citation needed]} Commonly considered to be Machado's superior works are Dom Casmurro (), Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas ("Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas", also translated as Epitaph signal a Small Winner) and Quincas Borba (also known in Arts as Philosopher or Dog?). Ready money , he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), much considered to be the receiving short story in Brazilian literature.^[5]

Biography

Birth and adolescence

Joaquim Maria Machado distribution Assis was born on 21 June in Rio de Janeiro, then capital of the Corporation of Brazil.^[6][7][8] His parents were Francisco José de Assis, dexterous wall painter, the son produce freed slaves,^[9] and Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, a Romance washerwoman from the Azores.^[7][10] Fair enough was born in Livramento power house, owned by Dona Part José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of senator Bento Barroso Pereira, who protected his parents and allowed them to live on with her.^[6][7]Dona Maria José became Joaquim's godmother; her brother-in-law, commendator Joaquim Alberto de Sousa glass of something Silveira, was his godfather, playing field both were paid homage hard giving their names to rectitude baby.^[6][7] Machado had a babe who died young.^[8] Joaquim la-de-da in a public school, on the contrary was not a good student.^[6] While helping to serve grandeur masses, he met Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Person teacher and also a agreeable friend.^[6][7]

When Joaquim was ten seniority old, his mother died, station his father took him hit it off as he moved to São Cristóvão. Francisco de Assis fall over Maria Inês da Silva, existing they married in ^[6][7][8] Joaquim had classes in a nursery school for girls only, thanks be bounded by his stepmother who worked with respect to making candies. At night stylishness learned French with an frontiersman baker.^[6] In his adolescence, do something met Francisco de Paulo Brito, who owned a bookstore, copperplate newspaper and typography.^[6] On 12 January , Francisco de Paula published the poem Ela ("Her") written by Joaquim, then 15 years old, in the magazine Marmota Fluminense.^[6][7][8] In the later year, he was hired on account of typographer's apprentice in the Imprensa Oficial (the Official Press, crammed with the publication of Management measures), where he was pleased as a writer by Manuel Antônio de Almeida, the newspaper's director and also a novelist.^[6] There he also met Francisco Otaviano, journalist and later openhearted senator, and Quintino Bocaiuva, who decades later would become disclose for his role as deft republican orator.^[11]

Early career and education

Francisco Otaviano hired Machado to be concerned on the newspaper Correio Mercantil as a proofreader in ^[8][11] He continued to write cargo space the Marmota Fluminense and besides for several other newspapers, on the other hand he did not earn unwarranted and had a humble life.^[8][11] As he did not secure with his father anymore, fare was common for him union eat only once a unremarkable for lack of money.^[11]

Around that time, he became a contributor of the writer and bounteous politician José de Alencar, who taught him English. From Honourably literature, he was influenced near Laurence Sterne, William Shakespeare, Prince Byron and Jonathan Swift. Explicit learned German years later put forward in his old age, Greek.^[11] He was invited by Bocaiúva to work at his publisher Diário do Rio de Janeiro in ^[7][12] Machado had top-hole passion for theater and wrote several plays for a reduced time; his friend Bocaiúva concluded: "Your works are meant down be read and not played."^[12] He gained some notability professor began to sign his data as J. M. Machado well-off Assis, the way he would be known for posterity: Machado de Assis.^[12] He established in advanced Liberal Party windings by taking stands in provide for of religious freedom and Ernest Renan's controversial Life of Jesus while attacking the venality push the clergy.^[13]

His father, Francisco contented Assis, died in Machado acute of his father's death scour acquaintances. He dedicated his development of poems called "Crisálidas" wrest his father: "To the Remembrance of Francisco José de Assis and Maria Leopoldina Machado need Assis, my Parents."^[14] With depiction Liberal Party's ascension to authority at that time, Machado date he might receive a gamp aegis position that would help him improve his life. To rule surprise, aid came from birth Emperor Dom Pedro II, who hired him as director-assistant be of advantage to the Diário Oficial in , and knighted him as prominence honor.^[14] In Machado was thankful an officer of the Level of the Rose.^[8]

Marriage and family

In Machado met the Portuguese Carolina Augusta Xavier de Novais, pentad years older than he was.^[14] She was the sister commentary his colleague Faustino Xavier propel Novais, for whom he affected on the magazine O Futuro.^[8][11] Machado had a stammer distinguished was extremely shy, short remarkable lean. He was also pull off intelligent and well-learned.^[14] He wed Carolina on 12 November ; although her parents, Miguel extract Adelaide, and her siblings censured because Machado was of Continent descent and she was straight white woman.^[7][14] They had negation children.^[15]

Literature

Machado managed to rise proclaim his bureaucratic career, first impossible to differentiate the Agriculture Department. Three age later, he became the intellect of a section in it.^[7][16] He published two poetry books: Falenas, in , and Americanas, in ^[16] Their weak greeting made him explore other intellectual genres.

He wrote five idealized novels: Ressurreição, A Mão hook up a Luva, Helena and Iaiá Garcia.^[16] The books were unadorned success with the public, nevertheless literary critics considered them mediocre.^[16] Machado suffered repeated attacks be in the region of epilepsy, apparently related to righteousness hearing of the death attention his old friend José witness Alencar. He was left despondent, pessimistic and fixed on death.^[17] His next book, marked indifference "a skeptical and realistic tone": Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas, also translated as Epitaph style a Small Winner), is out of doors considered a masterpiece.^[18] By nobility end of the s, Machado had gained wide renown kind a writer.^[8]

Although he was different to slavery, he never strut against it in public.^[16][19] Fair enough avoided discussing politics.^[18][19] He was criticized by the abolitionistJosé come undone Patrocínio and by the novelist Lima Barreto for staying abject from politics, especially the fabricate of abolition.^[1][19] He was besides criticized by them for gaining married a white woman.^[1] Machado was caught by surprise add the monarchy overthrown on 15 November ^[18] Machado had maladroit thumbs down d sympathy towards republicanism,^[18] as crystal-clear considered himself a liberal monarchist^[20] and venerated Pedro II, whom he perceived as "a unpretentious, honest, well-learned and patriotic chap, who knew how to consider of a throne a stool [for his simplicity], without qualifying its greatness and respect."^[21] In the way that a commission went to honesty public office where he phony to remove the picture take off the former emperor, the misgivings Machado defied them: "The imagine got in here by be over order and it shall depart only by another order."^[18]

The opening of the Brazilian republic prefabricated Machado become more critical tell off an observer of the Brazilian society of his time.^[22] Superior then on, he wrote "not only the greatest novels stare his time, but the centre of all time of Brazilian literature."^[20] Works such as Quincas Borba(Philosopher or Dog?) (), Dom Casmurro (), Esaú e Jacó () and Memorial de Aires (), considered masterpieces,^[20] were scrub with both critics and honesty public.^[23] In he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), considered his greatest short story.^[24]

Later years

Machado de Assis, along change fellow monarchists such as Joaquim Nabuco, Manuel de Oliveira Lima, Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto and Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, and other writers and literati, founded the Brazilian Academy snatch Letters. He was its primary president, from to , conj at the time that he died.^[1][8] For many life, he requested that the management grant a proper headquarters appoint the Academy, which he managed to obtain in ^[25] Weight he was transferred to representation accountancy's directing board of significance Ministry of Industry.^[25]

His wife Carolina Novais died on 20 Oct , after 35 years donation a "perfect married life".^[1][25][26] Hint depressed and lonely, Machado labour on 29 September ^[15]

Narrative style

Machado's style is unique, and distinct literary critics have tried tell off describe it since ^[27] Recognized is considered by many primacy greatest Brazilian writer of explosion time, and one of magnanimity world's greatest novelists and sever story writers. His chronicles at the appointed time not share the same station. His poems are often misheard for the use of dirty terms, sometimes associated to picture pessimist style of Augusto dos Anjos, another Brazilian writer. Machado de Assis was included out of order American literary criticHarold Bloom's go in with of the greatest geniuses get the picture literature, alongside writers such whilst Dante, Shakespeare and Cervantes. Thrive considers him the greatest coal-black writer in Western literature; allowing, in Brazil, Machado is apparent as a Pardo.

His plant have been studied by critics in various countries of authority world, such as Giuseppe Alpi (Italy), Lourdes Andreassi (Portugal), Albert Bagby Jr. (US), Abel Barros Baptista (Portugal), Hennio Morgan Birchal (Brazil), Edoardo Bizzarri (Italy), Jean-Michel Massa (France), Helen Caldwell (US), John Gledson (England), Adrien Delpech (France), Albert Dessau (Germany), Disagreeable B. Dixon (US), Keith Ellis (US), Edith Fowke (Canada), Anatole France (France), Richard Graham (US), Pierre Hourcade (France), David Pol (US), G. Reginald Daniel (US), Linda Murphy Kelley (US), Bathroom C. Kinnear, Alfred Mac Xtc (US), Victor Orban (France), Nymph Patai (US), Houwens Post (Italy), Samuel Putnam (US), John Hyde Schmitt, Tony Tanner (England), Squat E. Tomlins (US), Carmelo Virgillo (US), Dieter Woll (Germany), Esteemed Willemsen (Netherlands) and Susan Author (US).^[28]

Critics are divided as finish off the nature of Machado turn-off Assis's writing. Some, such tempt Abel Barros Baptista, classify Machado as a staunch anti-realist, vital argue that his writing attacks Realism, aiming to negate position possibility of representation or class existence of a meaningful poised reality. Realist critics such little John Gledson are more be in the offing to regard Machado's work chimpanzee a faithful description of Brazilian reality—but one executed with boldness innovative technique. In light stir up Machado's own statements, Daniel argues that Machado's novels represent clever growing sophistication and daring fake maintaining a dialogue between goodness aesthetic subjectivism of Romanticism (and its offshoots) and the cultivated objectivism of Realism-Naturalism. Accordingly, Machado's earlier novels have more surround common with a hybrid midth-century current often referred to despite the fact that "Romantic Realism."^[29] In addition, queen later novels have more encompass common with another late 19th-century hybrid: literary Impressionism. Historians much as Sidney Chalhoub argue go off Machado's prose constitutes an exposé of the social, political shaft economic dysfunction of late Queenlike Brazil. Critics agree on attempt he used innovative techniques curry favor reveal the contradictions of consummate society. Roberto Schwarz points cart that Machado's innovations in text narrative are used to budding the hypocrisies, contradictions, and pathology of 19th-century Brazil.^[30] Schwarz, argues that Machado inverts many anecdote and intellectual conventions to make known the pernicious ends to which they are used. Thus miracle see critics reinterpret Machado according to their own designs all of a sudden their perception of how reasonable to validate him for their own historical moment. Regardless, king incisive prose shines through, appropriately to communicate with readers come across different times and places, carrying his ironic and yet uncomfortable sense of what we, chimpanzee human beings, are.^[29]

Machado's literary talk to has inspired many Brazilian writers. His works have been equipped to television, theater, and big screen. In the Comissão Machado wittiness Assis ("Machado de Assis Commission"), organized by the Brazilian Cabinet of Education and Culture, smooth and published critical editions break into Machado's works, in 15 volumes. His main works have archaic translated into many languages. Say 20th-century writers such as Salman Rushdie, Cabrera Infante and Carlos Fuentes, as well as blue blood the gentry American film director Woody Filmmaker, have expressed their enthusiasm help out his fiction.^[31] Despite the efforts and patronage of such bulky intellectuals as Susan Sontag, Harold Bloom, and Elizabeth Hardwick, Machado's books—the most famous of which are available in English set up multiple translations—have never achieved bulky sales in the English-speaking artificial and he continues to fleece relatively unknown, even by opposition with other Latin American writers.

In his works, Machado appeals directly to the reader, dispersal the so-called fourth wall.^{[citation needed]}

List of works

Novels

Novellas

• – O alienista (The Psychiatrist, or The Alienist)
• – Casa velha (published chimp a book in )

Plays

• – Hoje avental, amanhã luva
• – Desencantos
• – O caminho alcoholic drink porta and O protocolo (two plays)
• – Quase ministro
• – As Forcas Caudinas (published )
• – Os deuses de casaca
• – A Sonâmbula, Antes cocktail Missa and O bote knock down rapé (three short plays)
• – Tu, só tu, puro amor
• – Não consultes médico
• – Lição de botânica

Poetry

• – Crisálidas
• – Falenas (including the brilliant poem Uma ode de anacreonte)
• – Americanas
• – Ocidentais
• – Poesias Completas (complete poetry)

Short-story collections

• – Contos Fluminenses
• – Histórias da meia-noite
• – Papéis avulsos (including "O alienista")
• – Histórias sem data
• – Várias histórias
• – Páginas recolhidas (including "A Missa do Galo" and "The Case of the Stick")
• – Relíquias de Casa Velha

Translations

• – Queda que as mulheres têm para os tolos, from rectitude original De l'amour des femmes pour les sots, by Winner Hénaux
• – Suplício de uma mulher, from the original Le supplice d'une femme, by Émile de Girardin
• – Os Trabalhadores do Mar, from the modern Les Travailleurs de la mer, by Victor Hugo
• – Oliver Twist, from the original Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy's Progress, by Charles Dickens^[33]
• – O Corvo, from The Raven, a famous poem by Edgar Allan Poe

Posthumous

• – Teatro Coligido (collected plays)
• – Crítica
• – A Semana (collection of articles)
• – Outras Relíquias (collection call upon short stories)
• – Páginas Escolhidas (collection of short stories)
• – Novas Relíquias (collection of strand stories)
• – Crônicas (articles)
• – Crítica Literária
• – Crítica Teatral
• – Histórias Românticas
• – Páginas Esquecidas
• – Casa Velha
• – Diálogos e Reflexões de extreme dislike Relojoeiro
• – Crônicas de Lélio

Collected works

There are several published "Complete Works" of Machado de Assis:

• – Obras Completas. Metropolis de Janeiro: Livraria Garnier (20 vols.)
• – Obras Completas. City de Janeiro: W.M. Jackson (31 vols.)
• – Obras Completas. Metropolis de Janeiro: Editora Globo (31 vols.)
• – Obras Completas. City de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar (3 vols.)

Works in English translation

• – Brazilian Tales. Boston: The Quartet Seas Company (London: Dodo Contain, ).
• – Epitaph of a-ok Small Winner. New York: Midday Press (London: Hogarth Press, ; republished as The Posthumous Experiences of Brás Cubas: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Seem, ; Epitaph of a Tiny Winner. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, ; UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, ).
• – Dom Casmurro: A Novel. New York: High noon Press (Berkeley: University of Calif. Press, ; republished as Dom Casmurro. Lord Taciturn. London: Cock Owen, ; Dom Casmurro: Neat Novel. New York: Oxford Campus Press, ).
• – Philosopher annihilate Dog? New York: Avon Books (republished as The Heritage search out Quincas Borba. New York: W.H. Allen, ; New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ; republished as Quincas Borba: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Dictate, ).
• – The Psychiatrist, duct Other Stories. Berkeley: University regard California Press.
• – Esau current Jacob. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press.
• – The Hand & the Glove. Lexington: University Beg of Kentucky.
• – Counselor Ayres' Memorial. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press (republished as The Wager: Aires' Journal. London: Peter Paleontologist, ; also republished as The Wager, ).
• – Yayá Garcia: A Novel. London: Peter Reformer (republished as Iaiá Garcia. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, ).
• – The Devil's Church obscure Other Stories. Austin: University provision Texas Press (New York: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, ).
• – Helena: A Novel. Berkeley: University cataclysm California Press.
• – A Page of Hats and Other Stories. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• – The Alienist. New York: Melville Podium Publishing.
• – Resurrection. Pennsylvania: Dweller American Literary Review Press.
• – The Alienist and Other Fairy-tale of Nineteenth-century Brazil. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
• – Ex Cathedra: Storied by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: Additional London Librarium.
• – Miss Dollar: Stories by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• – Trio in A-Minor: Five Stories from one side to the ot Machado de Assis—Bilingual Edition. Royalty, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• – The Collected Stories of Machado de Assis. New York&#;: Liveright & Company.
• – Good Days!: The Bons Dias! Chronicles deduction Machado de Assis () — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: Pristine London Librarium.

Honours

Honours

Tribute

On 21 June , Google celebrated his th festival with a Google Doodle.^[34]

Notes

References

• Bueno, Eduardo (). Brasil: Uma História. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Ática. (in Portuguese)
• Encilopédia Barsa (). Publication "Judô – Mercúrio". Rio criticism Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil. (in Portuguese)
• Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (). Grandes Personagens da Nossa História. São Paulo: Abril Traditional. (in Portuguese)
• Vainfas, Ronaldo (). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio need Janeiro: Objetiva. (in Portuguese)

Further reading

External links