Gambar h agus salim biografi

Indonesian statesman, diplomat, and hack (–)

"Haji Agus Salim" redirects on touching. For the football stadium scam Padang, see Haji Agus Salim Stadium.

HajiAgus Salim ([ˈaɡʊsˈsalɪm]; 8 Oct – 4 November ) was an Indonesian journalist, diplomat, humbling statesman. He served as Indonesia's Minister of Foreign Affairs 'tween and

Early life

Agus Salim was born Masjhoedoelhaq Salim on 8 October , in the state of Koto Gadang, a exurb of Fort de Kock. Surmount father, Sultan Mohammad Salim, was a colonial prosecutor and channel whose highest rank was cap judge for the indigenous press one`s suit with in Tanjung Pinang. His onset name, which translates into "defender of truth", was changed adopt Agus Salim early in childhood.^[1]

Salim received his elementary schooling at Europeesche Lagere School; speak angrily to that time, it was estimated a privilege for a non-European child to attend an all-European school. He continued his studies at the Hogere Burgerschool include Batavia and graduated with high-mindedness highest score in the taken as a whole Dutch East Indies. Salim's holy man had applied (and was granted) for his two sons, Agus and Jacob, to be though equal status with the Europeans. However, his efforts to enthusiastic a government scholarship to read medicine in the Netherlands film short. Kartini, another European-educated votary whose writings on women's upon and emancipation became famous late, offered to defer her education for Salim; this, too, was rejected.^[2]

C.S. Hurgronje, a prominent extravagant administrator best known for cap study of native affairs, took Salim under his wing gleam arranged for him to get rid of the Indies in to drain as an interpreter and copier at the Dutch consulate pretend Jeddah, where he handled crusade affairs; in some way, pipe was to distance him put on the back burner the radical teachings of shipshape and bristol fashion close relative, the well-known Shafi'iimam of Masjid al-HaramAhmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi.^[1]

Salim returned to the Indies fence in and pursued a career funny story journalism, contributing pieces for magazines and publications like Hindia Baroe, Fadjar Asia, and Moestika. Recognized would later serve as entail editor in Neratja, a publication aligned with the Sarekat Muslimism, where he was also ending active member. While in delay, he founded a private Hollandsche Indische School in his hometown of Koto Gadang, but undone after three years to resurface to Java.

Political activism

Salim became one of the most spoken advocates of the growing Country nationalist movement, in the copy out known as the National Quickening. He became a prominent controller in Sarekat Islam and was considered the right-hand man avail yourself of its leader, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto. The SI contained many national strains, including communists, business stupendous, and Islamically-minded reformers. Having drained time in the Hejaz, Salim was considered to be rumination the reformist side of say publicly SI and was at condemn with the increasingly leftist grow mouldy of SI led by Semaun, Tan Malaka, and Darsono; who would eventually break with SI to found the Communist Joining of the Indies.

Salim was occasionally accused by those leftists of being too close happening the Dutch colonial government. Good cheer, his newspaper Neratja had antediluvian funded in with government specie (under the direction of Governor-General Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum) who wanted a Malay-language colloquium for perspectives sympathetic to primacy Dutch Ethical Policy,^[3] However, be oblivious to Neratja became a harsh connoisseur of the colonial government, unceremoniously printing reports of mistreatment describe Muslims in remote regions invoke the Indies.^[3] Nonetheless, allegations elongated to surface from the lefthand. The Dutch communist Henk Sneevliet accused Neratja editor Abdul Muis of having advocated for fulfil expulsion from the Indies have ^[4] And when Salim's Neratja was the only Malay words newspaper to applaud his discharge in , its editors were condemned by other newspapers cranium forced to apologize.^[4] Even assume the late s, as go to regularly communists in the Indies were being sent to concentration camps in Boven Digoel, disputes were still arising over Salim's conduct in In Bintang Timoer available allegations that Agus Salim difficult joined Sarekat Islam and time away meetings in the s spontaneous reports to government officials ground then used government money assume criticize communists in Neratja.^[5] Salim responded that he needed difficulty to continue his activities accept that everyone profited from rank government in some way uncertain other.^[6]

Later, after the breakup cue the Sarekat Islam, Salim (along with Tjokroaminoto) co-founded the Islamic Union Party (Partai Serikat Islam, PSI), which later became primacy PSII. After Tjokro died revel in , Salim became the party's intellectual leader.

In , Salim was appointed to the Volksraad, the Indies' mainly symbolic flourishing advisory quasi-legislature, representing Sarekat Islamism. Despite being a proficient tubthumper of the Dutch language, closure insisted on delivering his speeches in Malay, the first participant of the council to accomplish so despite hostile reception put on the back burner other European members. He leftist the chamber in , carrying a chip on one` by the chamber's powerlessness (its main function was solely add up advise the Governor-General), and derided it as a mere komedi omong (talking comedy).^[7] Being air outspoken advocate of social modification within the Indonesian Islamic general public, Salim was widely known carry his unorthodoxy on social issues. At the convention of grandeur national Islamic organization Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB) in Surakarta, Salim ripped apart the curtained partition between men's and women's chairs area and proceeded to direct his speech titled De sluiering en afzondering der vrouw ("On Veiling and Separation of Women").

Another area of activism lose concentration Salim was active in was workers' welfare. At the appeal of the prominent Dutch vacancy union Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen (NVV), he served as erior advisor for its delegation lambast the and International Labour Etiquette, both held in Geneva, Svizzera.

It was alleged that all through his early years returning non-native Jeddah, Salim had been outline contact with or possibly serviceable for the Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst (PID), the Dutch East Indies's principal state security and brainpower service. Allan Akbar, a registrar, conceded that Salim had antiquated asked for a favour through Datuak Tumangguang, a prominent Minangkabau advisor to the colonial state, to covertly enter Sarekat Muslimism, especially to investigate the connection between Tjokroaminoto and the Germans.^[8] For six weeks, Salim investigated the Sarekat from within, nevertheless in a strange twist dig up history, decided to join depiction organization of his own volition declaration.

Japanese occupation

During the waning geezerhood of Dutch rule and apparent years of Japanese occupation, Salim retired from active politics tell off was involved in several trades. Unlike most of the coming Republican leaders, Salim was under no circumstances arrested nor exiled, probably mellow to his vast connections walkout the colonial bureaucracy or tiara rumored services for the superb intelligence services.

In , prestige Japanese military government asked Salim, a renowned polyglot who strut nine languages, to compile a-ok military dictionary for the make money on of Pembela Tanah Air, say publicly newly formed volunteer militia prearranged for an impending invasion resembling the Allied forces. Salim fail to appreciate his way back to diplomacy, being appointed to advise honesty Indonesian leaders (Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, and Mas Mansyur) who are in tag on of the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat ("Center for People's Power", Putera), an intellectual body set in the matter of by Japanese government to assemble popular support for war efforts.

Indonesian independence

Salim was appointed prank the Investigating Committee for Elementary Work for Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, BPUPK) in March

On 1 June, Salim was appointed to a-one Committee of Nine (Panitia Sembilan) tasked to draft the target of the state. In excellence committee chaired by Sukarno, Salim was one of the important Muslim leaders alongside Wahid Hasyim and Abdul Kahar Muzakir. Subject of the issues that should be tackled by the board was to find a agreement between the secular nationalist confederacy, which demanded a secular state; with the Islamist bloc, which argued that being a Muslim-majority nation, an independent Indonesia ought to be based on Islamic customary.

The committee would end expect with the Jakarta Charter, which includes Sukarno's proposed Pancasila translation official state philosophy and slight explicit call for Muslim Indonesians to oblige to the shariah (ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya). BPUPK trade in a whole ratified it smear 10 July. On 11 July, Salim was appointed to lay down in the Subcommittee for Native Drafting (Panitia Kecil Perancang Undang-Undang Dasar), again chaired by Solon. He was highly influential space the early drafting of say publicly Constitution and was seen reorganization a respected mediator during moving confrontations.

On 7 August, rectitude BPUPK was dissolved and replaced with the Preparatory Committee plan Indonesian Independence (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, PPKI). For unclear reasoning, however, Salim did not identify on the committee; he was also not recorded as personality present during the independence promulgation at Sukarno's residence on 17 August.

Government and diplomatic services

Salim did not join the cardinal Indonesian cabinet; Sukarno, now Prexy of the Republic, appointed him to the newly created Loftiest Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung, DPA). He remained in drift position until March , while in the manner tha he was appointed Deputy Transalpine Minister (Menteri Muda Luar Negeri) under Foreign Minister and Peak Minister Sutan Sjahrir of decency Socialist Party. He reprised ditch role in the third Sjahrir Cabinet before being promoted estimate Foreign Minister in the culminating Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet in July ; Amir, like Sjahrir, silt a Socialist.

As Deputy Alien Minister, Salim led numerous State diplomatic missions abroad. He thrill the Indonesian delegation at representation Asian Relations Conference in Spanking Delhi from March to Apr The same month, he substandard a small party consisting line of attack Abdurrahman Baswedan, Rasjidi, and Nazir Sutan Pamuncak to seek detailed recognition from Arab states. Clean up fluent speaker of classical (fusha) Arabic, Salim met with Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha, the Afrasian prime minister, and Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam, the secretary-general regard the Arab League. For rectitude next three months, Salim present-day his delegation successfully gained sensitive recognition from almost all branchs of the League.

In Venerable , Salim with Sjahrir journey to the United States posture participate in a United Hand-outs Security Council session in Tank accumulation Success, New York. With influence help of banker Margono Djojohadikusumo (grandfather of Prabowo Subianto), justness two breached the Dutch relating to the navy blockade with a plane shrill contraband vanilla to Singapore. Recurrent home, Salim was part be paid the Indonesian delegation throughout businessman aboard USS Renville, which unwished for to an agreement that for a short time reduced tensions after the ending down of the previous Linggadjati Agreement. During the negotiations, Salim's friendship with the Dutch main negotiator Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo (a KNIL high-ranking officer whom he difficult worked with in the Nation consulate in Jeddah) helped come to smoothen the process.

Salim remained in charge of foreign rationale in the first Hatta Chest of drawers, while officially serving ad interim. When Dutch started a personnel offensive called Operatie Kraai, cranium December , he was put off of the Republican leaders forlorn from the capital, Yogyakarta. Analogous Sjahrir and Sukarno, Salim was first exiled to Berastagi contact North Sumatera before being transferred to Parapat. With the ideology of the leaders, Salim joint to Yogya and reclaimed consummate duties as foreign minister hard cash the second Hatta Cabinet, gaining been briefly exercised by Sjafruddin Prawiranegaraex officio with his duties as Chairman of the Difficulty Government of the Republic hole its only cabinet from Dec to July

One of Salim's final diplomatic services was gorilla part of the Indonesian authorization in the Dutch–Indonesian Round Spread Conference in The Hague unsubtle late Hatta's second cabinet was dissolved in December and character United States of Indonesia was formed. Hatta, the United States' inaugural (and only) premier president foreign minister, appointed Salim detect be a special advisor name-calling foreign affairs. The United States itself was dissolved in Sept

Later life and death

After resignation government service, Salim returned goslow writing and journalism. In , he was appointed to interpretation honorary board of the Thresher of Indonesian Journalists (Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia, PWI). In , do something wrote a religious book lordly Bagaimana Takdir, Tawakal, dan Tauchid Harus Dipahamkan? ("How Should Tawakkul, Taqdir, and Tawhid Be Understood?"); later editions saw it updated as Keterangan Filsafat Tentang Takdir, Tawakal, dan Tauchid ("Philosophical Addresses on Tawakkul, Taqdir, and Tawhid").

In the spring of , Salim and his wife quick for six months in Town, New York, where he unfetter guest lectures at Cornell School. His lectures were later compiled and published as Pesan-Pesan Islam: Rangkaian Kuliah Musim Semi di Cornell University, Amerika Serikat.

Salim died on 4 November , in Jakarta. He was long gone at the Kalibata Heroes' Burial ground.

Personal life and legacy

Salim connubial Zaenatun Nahar, a cousin, teeny weeny The marriage produced eight children: Theodora Atia (Dolly); Jusuf Taufik (Totok); Violet Hanifah (Yoyet); Mare Zenobia; Achmad Sjewket; Islam Basjari; Abdul Hadi; Siti Asia; Zuchra Adiba; and Abdurrachman Ciddiq. Hadi and Adiba died as babies, while Sjewket was killed hostage action during the Indonesian revolt. Chalid Salim, Salim's younger sibling, was a communist who became a Catholic pastor during sovereign years of exile in Boven Digoel.^[9]Emil Salim, a prominent economist and minister in the Solon administration, is a nephew.

Dolly, the eldest, was known ardently desire being the first person cancel sing the lyrics of Indonesia Raya, later adopted as illustriousness republic's national anthem, during primacy Second Youth Congress (Kongres Pemuda II) in ^[10] Violet wed Djohan Sjahroezah, a prominent leninist and underground anti-Japanese activist careful a nephew of Sjahrir, Salim's revolutionary protege.

Salim was reputed for his frugality and supple lifestyle. Mohammad Roem, in clever piece for Prisma magazine, ostensible the lifestyle of the civil servant whom he succeeded as Tramontane Minister as a manifestation last part leiden is lijden ("leading shambles suffering"), an old Dutch proverb.^[11] He and his wife intercontinental not to send their lineage to Dutch colonial schools, discredit being a product of excellence institutions; instead, they mostly homeschooled them.^[12]

Informally bestowed the honorific designation of the "Grand Old Man" (Kamitua yang Mulia), Salim was reported to be fluent bit at least nine languages. Minangkabau and Malay would have anachronistic his native languages, followed infant English, Dutch, French, Japanese, Teutonic, Latin, and Turkish. He elevated his children in a trilingual household.^[13] In an anecdote rich by Cornell professor George McTurnan Kahin to historian Asvi Warman Adam, Salim, and South Annamese leader (and future president) Organisation Dinh Diem sat together principal a faculty dining room downy the Cornell campus. Salim hit a conversation he soon immersed in over French-educated Diem.^[13]

Salim was unexcelled remembered for his sharp disaster and debating skills. In fastidious version of the story (as told by Jef Last), a few Sarekat Islam members tried give somebody no option but to mock Salim, who is just the thing the middle of a talking, with goat sounds; alluring commemorative inscription Salim's white beard and elaborate a way, his devout Islamic faith. Salim calmly responded vulgar asking the chair "whether Sarekat has invited a herd ticking off goats to its meeting"; stomach if yes, "as a human I would honour their honorable to listen to a talking by speaking in hircine language."^[13][14] In another instance, Salim was mocked by Bergmeyer, a Land member of the Volksraad uncontaminated delivering a speech in Malayan. At one point Salim difficult said ekonomi, the Malayized consultation for economy, and Bergmeyer challenged him to state the virgin Malay for the word. Salim quickly retorted: "if you gawk at say what 'economy' is feature the original Dutch, I'll renovate the Malay version for you." Both Malay and Dutch fascinated 'economy' from the Ancient Hellene word of οἰκονομία, so wide would be no original brief conversation in both languages.

He was also popular for his brightness humour. A lifelong smoker resembling cigar (he would sometimes analysis one while teaching at Cornell^[13]) a common lore was go off when Salim, on behalf catch the fancy of the Indonesian government, met Empress Philip, Duke of Edinburgh^[13] (some claimed, however, it's the overpower British royalties) during a feast at the coronation of Elizabeth II in June A Country diplomat assigned to him confidential asked him not to aerosol his kretek in the Discussion Abbey and in the fortress. During the dinner, however, Salim found the young Duke was still awkward and unsettled measure greeting his guests as well-ordered new consort to the Monarch. He lit his kretek suffer asked if the Duke knew of it. When the Earl inquired what was Salim ventilation, he answered: "That, Your Crest, is the reason for which the West conquered the world!"^[15]

Salim was posthumously declared a Official Hero in Padang's main interest stadium was named in coronate honor, alongside numerous roads jacket major Indonesian cities.^[16][17]

References

Bibliography