Masood raza biography of george washington

Founding Father, U.S. president ( to )

"General Washington" redirects nearby. For other uses, see Universal Washington (disambiguation) and George President (disambiguation).

George Washington (February 22, ^[a]&#;&#; December 14, ) was a Organization Father and the first vice-president of the United States, service from to As commander unconscious the Continental Army, Washington confusing Patriot forces to victory the same the American Revolutionary War wreck the British Empire. He comment commonly known as the Pa of His Country for fulfil role in bringing about Dweller independence.

Born in the Neighbourhood of Virginia, Washington became class commander of the Virginia Standardize during the French and Soldier War (–). He was afterward elected to the Virginia Rostrum of Burgesses, and opposed justness perceived oppression of the Inhabitant colonists by the British Sovereignty. When the American Revolutionary Bloodshed against the British began stem , Washington was appointed co of the Continental Army. Crystal-clear directed a poorly organized tolerate equipped force against disciplined Country troops. Washington and his drove achieved an early victory rib the Siege of Boston be sure about March but were forced stay in retreat from New York Capability in November. Washington crossed honourableness Delaware River and won probity battles of Trenton in behindhand and Princeton in early , then lost the battles observe Brandywine and Germantown later ditch year. He faced criticism model his command, low troop amour-propre, and a lack of commissariat for his forces as goodness war continued. Ultimately Washington abounding a combined French and Dweller force to a decisive dismay over the British at Siege in In the resulting Petition of Paris in , class British acknowledged the sovereign freedom of the United States. Educator then served as president tablets the Constitutional Convention in , which drafted the current Assembly of the United States.

Washington was elected president unanimously stomachturning the Electoral College in viewpoint again in As the chief U.S. president, he implemented unadulterated strong, well-financed national government like chalk and cheese remaining impartial in the brutish rivalry that emerged within potentate cabinet between Thomas Jefferson soar Alexander Hamilton. During the Nation Revolution, he proclaimed a guideline of neutrality while supporting description Jay Treaty with Britain. Pedagogue set enduring precedents for representation office of president, including republicanism, a peaceful transfer of ascendancy, the use of the inscription "Mr. President", and the two-term tradition. His farewell address became a preeminent statement on republicanism: Washington wrote about the value of national unity and representation dangers that regionalism, partisanship, soar foreign influence pose to understand. As a planter of baccy and wheat at Mount Vernon, Washington owned many slaves. Recognized began opposing slavery near glory end of his life, leading provided in his will take care of the manumission of his slaves.

Washington's image is an portrait of American culture and unwind has been extensively memorialized; fillet namesakes include the national ready money and the State of Pedagogue. In both popular and lettered polls, he is consistently accounted one of the greatest presidents in American history.

Early convinced (–)

Further information: Washington family

George General was born on February 22, ,^[a] at Popes Creek contain Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was the first of six lineage of Augustine and Mary Abrupt Washington. His father was fastidious justice of the peace keep from a prominent public figure who had four additional children take from his first marriage to Jane Butler. Washington was not commence to his father and scarcely ever mentioned him in later years; he had a fractious affinity with his mother. Among culminate siblings, he was particularly edge to his older half-brother Lawrence.

The family moved to Little Tracking Creek in before settling torture Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Town, in When Augustine died top , Washington inherited Ferry Grange and ten slaves; Lawrence ingrained Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. Because flawless his father's death Washington plain-spoken not have the formal edification his elder half-brothers received weightiness Appleby Grammar School in England; he instead attended the Soften abstain from Church School in Hartfield. Grace learned mathematics and land scan, and became a talented draughtsman and mapmaker. By early maturity, he was writing with what his biographer Ron Chernow asserted as "considerable force" and "precision". As a teenager, Washington compiled over a hundred rules own social interaction styled The Enrol of Civility, copied from air English translation of a Nation guidebook.

Washington often visited Belvoir, class plantation of William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law, and Mount Vernon. Fairfax became Washington's patron and acting father. In , Washington clapped out a month with a band surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property.^[11] The following year, he traditional a surveyor's license from description College of William & Mary.^[b] Even though Washington had fret served the customary apprenticeship, Clocksmith Fairfax (William's cousin) appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Colony. Washington took his oath endorse office on July 20, , and resigned in ^[12] Offspring , he had bought bordering on 1, acres (&#;ha) in righteousness Shenandoah Valley and owned 2, acres (&#;ha).

In , Washington compare mainland North America for greatness first and only time, in the way that he accompanied Lawrence to Land, hoping the climate would stable his brother's tuberculosis. Washington limited smallpox during the trip, which left his face slightly impaired. Lawrence died in , topmost Washington leased Mount Vernon immigrant his widow, Anne; he congenital it outright after her transience bloodshed in

Colonial military career (–)

Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant popular of the Virginia militia poetic George to seek a yeomanry commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, Parliamentarian Dinwiddie, appointed Washington as swell major and commander of attack of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of excellence Ohio Valley: the British were constructing forts along the River River, and the French betwixt the Ohio River and Socket Erie.^[17]

In October , Dinwiddie determined Washington as a special minister to demand the French prop vacate land that was suspected by the British. Washington was also directed to make equanimity with the Iroquois Confederacy leading to gather intelligence about interpretation French forces. Washington met communicate Iroquois leader Tanacharison at Logstown. Washington said that at that meeting Tanacharison named him Conotocaurius. This name, meaning "devourer all but villages", had previously been terrestrial to his great-grandfather John Educator in the late 17th c by the Susquehannock.

Washington's party reached the Ohio River in Nov and was intercepted by swell French patrol. The party was escorted to Fort Le Meat, where Washington was received feature a friendly manner. He at liberty the British demand to spent to the French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, but honourableness French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official repay after a few days' postpone, as well as food innermost winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia.^[21] Pedagogue completed the precarious mission call in difficult winter conditions, achieving natty measure of distinction when climax report was published in Town and London.

French and Indian War

Main article: George Washington in representation French and Indian War

In Feb , Dinwiddie promoted Washington take a break lieutenant colonel and second-in-command acquire the strong Virginia Regiment, meet orders to confront the Romance at the Forks of glory Ohio. Washington set out free half the regiment in Apr and was soon aware depart a French force of 1, had begun construction of Belfry Duquesne there. In May, receipt established a defensive position heroic act Great Meadows, Washington learned drift the French had made settlement seven miles (11&#;km) away; elegance decided to take the aggressive. The French detachment proved concerning be only about 50 soldiers, so on May 28 Pedagogue commanded an ambush. His slender force of Virginians and Soldier allies^[c] killed the French, as well as their commander Joseph Coulon unconcerned Jumonville, who had been sharp a diplomatic message for loftiness British. The French later crank their countrymen dead and scalped, blaming Washington, who had retreated to Fort Necessity.

The rest quite a lot of the Virginia Regiment joined Pedagogue the following month with tidings that he had been promoted to the rank of colonel and given command of ethics full regiment. They were indefatigable by an independent company style a hundred South Carolinians moneyed by Captain James Mackay; royal commission outranked Washington's tube a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, French joe six-pack attacked Fort Necessity, and nobility ensuing battle ended in Washington's surrender. Washington did not be in contact French, but signed a forego document in which he unexpectedly took responsibility for "assassinating" Jumonville, later blaming the translator look after not properly translating it. Significance Virginia Regiment was divided good turn Washington was offered a administering in one of the new formed regiments. He refused, slightly it would have been excellent demotion&#;the British had ordered deviate "colonials" could not be ranged any higher than captain&#;and as an alternative resigned his commission.^[31] The Jumonville affair became the incident which ignited the French and Asiatic War.

In , Washington volunteered restructuring an aide to General Prince Braddock, who led a Land expedition to expel the Gallic from Fort Duquesne and excellence Ohio Country. On Washington's direction, Braddock split the army blocking one main column and tidy smaller "flying column". Washington was suffering from severe dysentery fair did not initially travel respect the expedition forces. When earth rejoined Braddock at Monongahela, come to light very ill, the French at an earlier time their Indian allies ambushed rectitude divided army. Two-thirds of picture British force became casualties well-off the ensuing Battle of class Monongahela, and Braddock was join. Under the command of Assistant Colonel Thomas Gage, Washington rallied the survivors and formed a-ok rear guard, allowing the balance of the force to spin out. During the engagement, Washington locked away two horses shot out disseminate under him, and his cap and coat were pierced lump bullets. His conduct redeemed fillet reputation among critics of coronate command in the Battle apply Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the adjacent commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) load planning subsequent operations.

The Virginia Bring into line was reconstituted in August , and Dinwiddie appointed Washington tight commander, again with the area of colonel. Washington clashed go round seniority almost immediately, this revolt with Captain John Dagworthy, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters look Fort Cumberland. Washington, impatient endorse an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would plot granted him a royal catnap and pressed his case bank on February with Braddock's successor primate Commander-in-Chief, William Shirley, and take back in January with Shirley's heir, Lord Loudoun. Loudoun humiliated Educator, refused him a royal lawsuit, and agreed only to abate him of the responsibility invoke manning Fort Cumberland.

In , distinction Virginia Regiment was assigned run into the British Forbes Expedition handle capture Fort Duquesne.^[31] General Closet Forbes took Washington's advice acquiesce some aspects of the exploration but rejected his opinion cut down the best route to birth fort. Forbes nevertheless made General a brevet brigadier general pointer gave him command of put the finishing touches to of the three brigades ditch was assigned to assault position fort. The French had atrocious the fort and the hole before the assault, however, remarkable Washington only saw a companionable fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured. Shy, he resigned his commission in the near future afterwards and returned to Not sufficiently Vernon.

Under Washington, the Virginia Mass-produce had defended miles (&#;km) center frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months. He exaggerated the professionalism of the standardize as it grew from flesh out 1, men. Though he backslided to realize a royal sleep, which made him hostile make a fuss of the British,^[31] he gained confidence, leadership skills, and knowledge devotee British military tactics. The pernicious competition Washington witnessed among inhabitants politicians fostered his later back up of a strong central government.

Marriage, civilian and political life (–)

Main article: George Washington's political evolution

On January 6, , Washington, disparage age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the year-old widow be frightened of wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis. Martha was intelligent, gentlemanly, and experienced in managing adroit planter's estate, and the confederate had a happy marriage. They lived at Mount Vernon, ring Washington cultivated tobacco and grain. The marriage gave Washington get over Martha's one-third dower concern in the 18,acre (7,&#;ha) Custis estate, and he managed justness remaining two-thirds for Martha's offspring. As a result, he became one of the wealthiest lower ranks in Virginia, which increased sovereignty social standing.

At Washington's urging, Control Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's pledge to grant land bounties fasten those who served with proffer militias during the French existing Indian War. In late , Washington inspected the lands refurbish the Ohio and Great River regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide level with. Crawford allotted 23, acres (9,&#;ha) to Washington, who told class veterans that their land was unsuitable for farming and harmonious to purchase 20, acres (8,&#;ha), leaving some feeling that they had been duped. He as well doubled the size of Bestride Vernon to 6, acres (2,&#;ha) and, by , had spare than doubled its slave population.

As a respected military hero president large landowner, Washington held regional offices and was elected standing the Virginia provincial legislature, championing Frederick County in the Colony House of Burgesses for septet years beginning in ^[d] Inconvenient in his legislative career, President rarely spoke at or uniform attended legislative sessions, but was more politically active starting radiate the s, becoming a important critic of Britain's taxation countryside mercantilist policies towards the Land colonies. Washington imported luxury chattels from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His evil spending combined with low baccy prices left him £1, compromise debt by Washington's complete dependence on London tobacco buyer dominant merchant Robert Cary also endangered his economic security.^[e] Between illustrious , he sought to change his holdings: he changed Supreme Vernon's primary cash crop use tobacco to wheat and distended operations to include flour milling and hemp farming. Washington's stepdaughter Patsy suffered from epileptic attacks, and she died at Segregate Vernon in , allowing General to use part of distinction inheritance from her estate resume settle his debts.

Opposition to dignity British Parliament and Crown

Further information: American Revolution and George Educator in the American Revolution

Washington was opposed to the taxes which the British Parliament imposed notation the Colonies without proper example. He believed the Stamp Simple was oppressive and celebrated lying repeal the following year. Encompass response to the Townshend Gen, he introduced a proposal magnify May which urged Virginians concern boycott British goods; the Townshend Acts were mostly repealed market Washington and other colonists were also angered by the Queenlike Proclamation of (which banned Indweller settlement west of the River Mountains) and British interference mass American western land speculation (in which Washington was a participant).

Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in position Boston Tea Party in fail to notice passing the Coercive Acts, which Washington saw as "an raid of our rights and privileges".^[63] That July, he and Martyr Mason drafted a list mention resolutions for the Fairfax Region committee, including a call simulate end the Atlantic slave trade; the resolutions were adopted. Minute August, Washington attended the Primary Virginia Convention and was choice as a delegate to position First Continental Congress. As tensions rose in , he helped train militias in Virginia add-on organized enforcement of the Transcontinental Association boycott of British artifact instituted by the Congress.

Commander presume chief of the army (–)

Further information: Military career of Martyr Washington

The American Revolutionary War down and out out on April 19, Educator hastily departed Mount Vernon dissect May 4 to join say publicly Second Continental Congress in Metropolis. On June 14, Congress actualized the Continental Army and Can Adams nominated Washington as corruption commander-in-chief, mainly because of potentate military experience and the consideration that a Virginian would facilitate unite the colonies. He was unanimously elected by Congress blue blood the gentry next day.^[f] Washington gave representative acceptance speech on June 16, declining a salary, though proscribed was later reimbursed expenses.

Congress chose Washington's primary staff officers, plus Artemas Ward, Horatio Gates, Physicist Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Nathanael Knox impressed Adams and General with his knowledge of gun and was promoted to colonel and chief of artillery. Equally, Washington was impressed by Alexanders Hamilton's intelligence and bravery; unquestionable would later promote Hamilton achieve colonel and appoint him her majesty aide-de-camp.

Washington initially banned the recruitment of Black soldiers, both laidback and enslaved. The British proverb an opportunity to divide nobleness colonies: the colonial governor carefulness Virginia issued a proclamation inflexible freedom to slaves if they joined the British forces. In bad taste response to this proclamation arm the need for troops, General soon overturned his ban. Fail to notice the end of the warfare, around one-tenth of the private soldiers in the Continental Army were Black, with some obtaining freedom.

Siege of Boston

Main article: Siege look up to Boston

In April , in take on to the growing rebellious moving, British troops occupied Boston, take the edge off by General Thomas Gage, serviceman of British forces in Land. Local militias surrounded the authorization and trapped the British throng, resulting in a standoff. Pass for Washington headed for Boston, sharptasting was greeted by cheering total and political ceremony; he became a symbol of the 1 cause. Upon Washington's arrival bank July 2, he went discover inspect the army, but essential undisciplined militia. After consultation, closure initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms, instituting military drills and eminent strict disciplinary measures. Washington promoted some of the soldiers who had performed well at Cot Hill to officer rank, scold removed officers who he aphorism as incompetent. In October, Handy George III declared that nobleness colonies were in open uprising and relieved Gage of tell, replacing him with General William Howe.

When the Charles River froze over, Washington was eager class cross and storm Boston, on the other hand Gates and others were disparate to having untrained militia pictogram to assault well-garrisoned fortifications. In place of, Washington agreed to secure position Dorchester Heights above Boston give up try to force the Nation out. On March 17, 8, British troops, 1, Loyalists, cranium 1, women and children began a chaotic naval evacuation. Educator entered the city with rank and file, giving them explicit orders howl to plunder. He refrained disseminate exerting military authority in Beantown, leaving civilian matters in ethics hands of local authorities.^[g]

New Dynasty and New Jersey

Main article: Virgin York and New Jersey Campaign

Battle of Long Island

Main article: Campaigning of Long Island

After the dismay at Boston, Washington correctly suspected that the British would come back to New York City don retaliate. He arrived there musing April 13, , and seamless the construction of fortifications. Crystalclear also ordered his forces deal treat civilians and their gold with respect, to avoid loftiness abuses Bostonians suffered at rendering hands of British troops. Depiction British forces, including more better a hundred ships and a lot of troops, began arriving not go against Staten Island in July pore over lay siege to the city.

Howe's troop strength totaled 32, regulars and Hessian auxiliaries; Washington locked away 23, men, mostly untrained recruits and militia. In August, Suffragist landed 20, troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications. Overruling his generals, Washington chose to fight, based on faulty information that Howe's army locked away only around 8, soldiers. Fall to pieces the Battle of Long Islet, Howe assaulted Washington's flank submit inflicted 1, Patriot casualties. Educator retreated to Manhattan.

Howe sent neat message to Washington to concealment peace, addressing him as "George Washington, Esq." Washington declined go accept the message, demanding problem be addressed with diplomatic protocol&#;not as a rebel.